• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.4 s.48
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• pp.543-548
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• 2004

For pearl pigments used for splendor or gloss effect of make-up products, especiallv point make-up products like eye-shadow and blusher, we studied the variation of particle size distribution by the grinding time and by the binder used as a binding agent. In this study. high speed mixer was used and the particle sire distribution was measured by using the light scattering method. In case of pearl pigments, its median diameter of $5{\;}{\mu}m$, the particle size was reduced to 4.6 um when it was ground for 120 s. When it was applied for the pearl pigment of $45{\;}{\mu}m$, the particle size was reduced to $27{\;}{\mu}m$. We confirmed that the latter was reduced more largely and the original gloss was reduced too. For the binder, we studied the correlation between particle size of raw material and grinding time. We also investigated the effects of the binder contents on the variation of particle size distribution of products by aggregation of particles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.10 no.1 s.20
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• pp.41-50
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• 2004

the splendid Chinese ship-building technology enjoys a long history and has an important place in the world ship building history. Up to present, the study of ship-building technology focuses on the study of western ship-building technology, so the study of Chinese ship-building technology can remedy this. With the development of society, ship-building technology enjoys a fast development, in Song dynasty (960-1279) the Chinese ship-building technology had developed very much. Its main characteristics are the large size of ships and the rapid increase in number. The Chinese ship-building technology of Song dynasty established basis for thai of Yuan dynasty, thus a study on the Chinese ship-building technology of Song dynasty can help better understand the Chinese ship-building history.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.46-65
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• 2004

The study was designed to investigate what effect of working time reduction which will be gradually expanded to corporate size from June, 2004 could give to medical industries, and to provide basic information for hospitals and government to prepare the policy. 276 hospitals were surveyed about medical service income and manpower realities during the first half of 2003, using a structured survey tool. Response rate was 8% and 20 hospitals were finally analyzed. The effect of working time reduction in hospital management was different to the size of hospitals and the alternative. Income to existing service income was decreased by $2.2{\sim}4.6%$ in tertiary hospitals, by $3.2{\sim}5.7%$ in general hospitals with more than 300 beds, and by $3.7{\sim}6.0%$ in general hospitals with less than 300 beds. In preparation against such decrease in income, government is required to raise insurance payment, to calculate added service charge for day-off on Saturday forenoon, to retain emergency care payment, to expand emergency care facilities, to secure duty doctors, and to support middle and small sized hospitals. Hospitals are required to give self improving efforts such as fortifying of weekday care, development of weekend care program, strengthening of care capacity and function of emergency care center, and making manpower operation efficient.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.11A no.4
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• pp.267-276
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• 2004

The modeling methods of routing region used in the automatic placement/routing system are a grid and non-grid. Because the gird method is curbed by its size and a board if the electrical and physical elements on PCB are of small quantity, it has many memories. Therefore, it has demerit which decreases the speed of automatic placement/routing. The Shape-based type, non-grid method, makes the shapes exist as an in dividual element in a memory by using a region-processing method. Each individual element needs very small memory since it has its unique data size. Therefore, this paper aimed to develope the automatic placement/routing system which can automatically place and route the PCB without dissipation of memory at a high speed. To this aim, the auction algorithm method was applied which can make the memories be most rapidly reached from the original point to various destinations. Also, this system was developed by the Visual C++ in the Widows environment of IBM Pentium computer in order to use it in an individual PC system.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.270-275
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• 2004

Due to the luminescence by$ Er ^{ 3+}$ activator, Er-doped $LaPO_4$ powders can be applied for optical amplification materials. In this study, $LaPO_4$:Er nanoparticles were synthesized in solution system using a high-boiling coordinating solvent and their properties were investigated through various spectroscopic techniques. The nanoparticles were to take a single phase of monazite structure by a X-ray diffraction analysis and to have the 5-6 nm of particles size with narrow size distribution by a TEM. And it was confirmed by the EA and FT-IR analyses that the surfaces of nanoparticles are coordinated with the solvent molecules, which will possibly keep from agglomerating between LaPO$_4$:Er nanoparticles. In the emission spectrum of $LaPO_4$:Er nanoparticle at NIR region, on the other hand, it was measured that the emission intensity is very weak, which is due to the transition from $^4$$I_{(13/2)}$ to $^4$$I_{(15/2)}$ of $Er^{3+ }$ion. It was interpreted that the weak luminescence of $LaPO_4$:Er is originated from the hydroxyl groups adsorbed on the surfaces of the nanoparticles, because OH group acts as an efficient quencher for the $^4$$I_{(13/2)}$ \longrightarrow $^4$$I_{(15/2)}$ emission of $Er^{3+}$ activator. But the co-doping of Yb$^{3+}$ as a sensitizer in this nanoparticle results in the increase of the emission intensity at 1539 nm due to the effective energy transfer from $Yb^{3+}$ to $Er^{3+}$ . In addition, the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited good dispersibility with some polymers and effective luminescence at NIR region.n.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.138-144
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• 2004

Pneumatic damping through a orifice type duct for OWC type wave energy device is studied experimentally. Forced oscillation tests are made to measure chamber pressure and velocity of air flaw through orifice. Pneumatic damping coefficient are deducted from the experimental research, and discussion are made far the influence of frequency, heave amplitude, and orifice size. Finally two formula are proposed for the estimation of non-dimensional pneumatic damping coefficient by regression analysis. The proposed formula proves to be a reliable method far practical application.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.96-102
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• 2004

This study presents an effective stiffness-based optimal technique to control quantitatively lateral drift for 3-D steel frameworks subject to lateral loads. To this end, the displacement sensitivity depending on behavior characteristics of 3-D steel frameworks is established. Also, approximation concept that can preserve the generality of the mathematical programming and can efficiently solve large scale problems is introduced. Resizing sections in the stiffness-based optimal design are assumed to be uniformly varying in size. Two types of 30-story frames are presented to illustrate the features of the Quantitative lateral drift control technique proposed in this study.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.741-747
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to develop a cooler/heater using a thermoelectric module combined with a parallel flow type oscillating heat pipe with R-142b as a work ing fluid. The experiment was performed for 16 thermoelectric modules (6 A/15 V, size: 40${\times}$40${\times}$4 mm), varying design parameters of the heat pipe (inclination angle, working fluid charging ratio, etc) . Experimental results indicate that the optimum charging ratio and the inclination angle of the parallel flow type oscillating heat pipe were 30% by volume and 30%, respectively. The maximum cooler/heater capacity were 479W (COP : 0.47) and 630W (COP : 0.9), respectively.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.691-697
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• 2004

Experimental study is carried out to investigate the heat transport capability and thermal resistance of sinusoidal axially grooved heat pipe, comparing its performance to trapezoidal axially grooved heat pipe. As a result from this work, the heat transport capability of sinusoidal grooved heat pipe is lower than that of trapezoidal grooved heat pipe for the same size of outer diameter. As the ratio of depth to width of sinusoidal groove heat pipe is higher, the heat transport capability of heat pipe becomes higher. It is found that Aluminum-ammonia heat pipes with sinusoidal and trapezoidal grooves have good thermal resistance, below 0.1$^{\circ}C$/W at evaporator section and below 0.05$^{\circ}C$/W at condenser section.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.5-8
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• 2004

Domestic city gas is supplying in an about 10 million household on present 34 city gas companies because is begun to supply regularly after two 1980 years middle. But, result that focus on city gas supply spread and stable supply for supply area and neglects about safety problem, hundreds casualties such as Ahyun explosion accident and Deagu city gas explosion accident were reached in situation that occurred large size calamity occurs it is dizzliness. In the case of advanced nation, can see that accomplish system and progress that in technology after experience major accident. Therefore, grasp problem investigating safety actual conditions for city gas institution and study about solvable plan is required this. Also, must guide reform and level elevation of a domestic company safety technology through induction and development of safety technology that is suitable in supply, domestic real condition etc. Must help in power positivity that is full text executing high-quality safety education about step High firing mechanism safety technology than present safety education.