• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.18-24
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• 2020

When a damage occurs in the nuclear fuel burning in the reactor, fission products that should be in the nuclear fuel rod are released into the reactor coolant. In this case, sipping test, a series of non-destructive inspection methods, are used to find leakage in nuclear fuel assemblies during the power plant overhaul period. In addition, the sipping test is also used to check the integrity of the spent fuel for moving to an intermediate dry storage, which is carried out as the first step of nuclear decommissioning, . In this paper, the principle and characteristics of the sipping test are described. The structure of the sipping inspection equipment is largely divided into a suction device that collects fissile material emitted from a damaged assembly and an analysis device that analyzes their nuclides. In order to make good use of the sipping technology, the radioactive level behavior of the primary system coolant and major damage mechanisms in the event of nuclear fuel damage are also introduced. This will be a reference for selecting an appropriate sipping method when dismantling a nuclear power plant in the future.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.125-130
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• 2010

Sipping measurements were implemented at the Open Pool Australian Light water reactor (OPAL) to test for failure in reactor fuel elements. Fission product released by the fuel element into the pool water was measured using both High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detection via samples and a NaI(Tl) detection in-situ with the sipping device. Results from two fuel elements are presented.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.875-882
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• 2014

In terms of safety and the efficient management of spent fuel storage, detecting failed fuel is one of the most important tasks in a CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor operation. It has been successfully demonstrated that in a CANDU reactor, on-power failed fuel detection and location systems, along with alarm area gamma monitors, can detect and locate defective and suspect fuel bundles before discharging them from the reactor to the spent fuel storage bay. In the reception bay, however, only visual inspection has been used to identify suspect bundles. Gaseous fission product and delayed neutron monitoring systems cannot precisely distinguish failed fuel elements from each fuel bundle. This study reports the use of a sipping system in a CANDU reactor for the integrity assessment of spent fuel bundles. The integrity assessment of spent fuel bundles using this sipping system has shown promise as a nondestructive test for detecting a defective fuel bundle in a CANDU reactor.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2002년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.331-334
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• 2002

인터넷 사용자 수의 급격한 증가로 인터넷 서비스 보급이 대중화됨에 따라 인터넷 텔레포니 기술이 전기통신사업자 및 인터넷 서비스 사업자들의 주요 이슈가 되고 있다. 이에 IETF에서도 시장의 빠른 변화와 요구에 발맞추어 VoIP 관련 기술들에 대한 표준화 이슈가 주요 쟁점으로 논의되고 있다. 특히, ITU-T의 H.323의 대안으로 제안된 SIP 관련 기술들에 대해 MMUSIC WG, SIP WG, SIPPING WG을 중심으로 활발한 활동과 토의를 통해 표준화 작업이 진행되고 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 여러 번의 개정작업을 통해 제정된 SIP관련 표준들을 소개하고, SIP기반 인터넷 텔레포니 서비스 제공을 위한 IETF의 최신 동향에 대해 살펴보기로 한다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.235-251
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• 2004

China's Marine Industry are growing up gradually as China's economy has advanced. Also China's Sipping Industry has been advanced. China Sipping Company is going to become a top 5 of world marine industry. China's Marine Industry has supervised and controled a manager under the mechanism of market economy. China's Marine Industry has been changed from the state-owned marine enterprise affected by government and government has effected on the formation of the board of directors and manager. So, the supervision function of the board of directors was reduced. The executive' role is emphasized when possessing the state-owned enterprise through disposal or auction, or when inducing the participation of foreign attraction. It is desirable for the Chinese director and officer to prepare for the claims internationally due to the international economic actions, , westernization of the public's consciousness about the compensation for damage followed by the increasing national income, and to prepare the increasing demand of cases due to increasing lawyers.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.199-220
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the electromyographic features in the perioral muscles of class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, and to grope the correlation between its activities and craniofacial morphology. Tn this study, 14 subjects with class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips(mean age of 20.5 years) and 20 subjects with normal occlusion(mean age of 23.9 years) were investigated. Electromyographic data were recorded from orbicularis oris, mentalis, buccinator and suprahyoid muscles durig rest lip posture, lip position at sealing, maximum sealing, maximal blowing, maximal biting, sipping milk, sipping and swallowing milk, chewing gum, masticating almond, swallowing almond and phonation utilizing the Medelec MS-25 electromyographic apparatus. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken with the mandible in intercuspal position on all subjects. All data were recorded statistically processed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows : 1. In class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, the overall augmentations of perioral muscle activities during various functionel movements set for lip sealing were manifested and particular swelling in mentalis activity at rest was detected. 2. On the other hand remarkable diminution of upper lip acitivities at lip sealing movements was drawn. 3. In Class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, negative correlations existed between the diversity of upper lip activities and upper incisor position and overjet as well in contrast to positive correlations in the lower lip. 4. It was suggested that the abnormal function of lower lip and mentalis muscle contributed somewhat the revelation of the characteristics of Class II division 1 malocclusion.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2013

핵연료는 원자로 운전 중 예기치 못한 상황에서 연료 결함을 초래할 수 있다. 핵연료 결함은 연료봉의 수소화나 이물질에 의한 금속 마모, 그리고 펠렛과 피복관의 상호작용에 의해 피복관이 손상된다. 이렇게 손상된 핵연료의 결함원인을 규명하는 것은 원자력발전의 안전운전에 중요하다고 사료된다. 핵연료가 손상되면 원자로 냉각재가 오염되어 원자로 출력을 낮추거나, 발전소를 정지할 수도 있다. 모든 사용후연료는 건식저장고로 이동 보관되어야 하나, 결함연료는 이동할 수 없으므로 이 연구의 목적은 중수로형 원자로에서 연료가 인출된 후 사용후연료 저장조에서 보관된 연료에 대하여 결함 여부를 판단할 수 있는 기술을 개발하고자 하였다. 이 연구를 통하여 핵종 누설 검출 기술을 이용한 사용후연료 검사기술을 개발하였으며, 이 기술을 월성발전소에 적용함으로써, 검사기술 및 검사시스템에 대한 성능을 입증하였다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.331-343
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• 2001

Advances in medical procedures and utilization of medication have resulted in expanding aged population, which leads to increased aged patients with salivary hypofunction and its associated symptoms in dental clinic. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics of patients with dry mouth and its correlation with their salivary flow rate. Forty dry mouth patients (7 males, 33 females, mean age 42.0 years) whose flow rate of unstimulated whole saliva was less than 0.15 ml/min were included and their gender- and age-matched controls (7 males, 33 females, mean age 42.9 years) who did not report any complaints, suggestive of salivary gland dysfunction and had the flow rate of greater than 0.20 ml/min were included for comparison. The salivary flow rate was measured in both unstimulated and stimulated conditions. Dry mouth-related clinical information including history, dry mouth associated symptoms, exacerbating and relieving factors, drugs, systemic diseases, and family history was investigated using questionnaires. The differences in distribution of patients and control subjects to each question and their relation to the salivary flow rate were analyzed and we came to following conclusions. 1. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of patients and controls to the following questions: the period and frequency of suffering from dry mouth; severity of dry feeling during a meal; severity of discomfort during swallowing; necessity of sipping liquids during swallowing dry foods, severity of discomfort in usual life due to dry feeling; self-assessment of residual salivary volume; taking medications. 2. The patients had more stress-related medical histories including indigestion, insomnia, and gastritis compared with controls. The patients took many kinds of medications to control their systemic diseases. 3. There were statistically significant differences in the salivary flow rate between different groups of patients to following questions: severity of dry feeling during a meal; severity of discomfort during swallowing; necessity of sipping liquids during swallowing dry foods. The difference was more significant in the case of stimulated salivary flow rate rather than unstimulated one. 4. The salivary flow rate of patients taking medications was significantly less than that of patients who did not take medications. The difference was more significant in the case of stimulated salivary flow rate rather than unstimulated one.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2005

구강건조증은 입안이 마르는 느낌의 주관적 증상을 의미하는 것으로 타액분비의 감소에 따른 불충분한 구강점막의 습윤도에 의해 발생할 수 있다. 그러나 구강건조증의 정도는 실제 측정된 객관적인 타액분비율과 상관관계를 보이지 않는 경우도 있어 그 진단과 치료에 어려움을 야기한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 구강건조증의 진단과 평가를 위해 구강건조증 환자의 문제 해결을 위한 설문지를 개발하고 설문지의 문항들이 갖는 신뢰도를 분석하여 향후 구강건조증의 연구 및 진단 도구로서의 활용가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 구강건조감의 정도를 Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) 척도로 답하는 6 가지 문항과 구강건조감에 따른 행동을 파악하기 위한 4 가지 문항을 개발하고 문항들이 갖는 신뢰도를 평가하기 위하여 구강건조증의 증상을 호소하지 않는 건강한 성인 남녀 88 명(남자 44 명, 평균 $25.6{\pm}3.1$세, 여자 44 명, 평균 $24.3{\pm}2.1$세)을 대상으로 2 회에 걸쳐 질문에 답하도록 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 구강건조감의 정도를 묻는 6 가지 문항의 급내상관계수(intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC) 값은 낮 시간의 구강건조감의 정도(Dry-day)가 0.767, 입안에 침이 적다고 느끼는 정도(Am-sal)가 0.850, 구강건조감으로 인한 일상 생활의 불편감 정도(Eff-life)가 0.791로 매우 높은 신뢰도를 나타내었고, 밤 또는 아침 기상시의 구강건조감의 정도(Dry-PM)가 0.563, 식사시의 구강건조감의 정도(Dry-eat)가 0.674, 음식물을 삼키기 힘든 정도(Dif-swal)가 0.641로 높은 급내상관계수 값을 나타내었다. 2. 6 개의 문항들의 내적 일치도를 평가하는 크론바흐의 알파(Cronbach's alpha) 값은 0.928로 매우 높게 나타났다. 3. 구강건조감에 따른 행동을 파악하기 위한 4 가지 문항들의 코헨의 카파(Cohen's kappa) 값은 잠자리 옆에 물을 준비하게 되는 빈도($H_2O$-bed)는 0.850으로 매우 높은 신뢰도를 나타내었고, 입이 말라 잠을 깨는 빈도(Night-awake)가 0.506, 마른 음식 섭취시에 물을 마시게 되는 빈도(Sip-liq)가 0.419, 껌이나 사탕을 먹게 되는 빈도(Gum-candy)가 0.407로 높은 신뢰도를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로부터 VAS 척도로 답변하는 주관적 구강건조감의 정도를 묻는 6 가지 질문과 주어진 보기를 선택하여 답변하는 구강건조증에 따른 행동을 묻는 4 가지 질문으로 구성된 설문은 중등도 이상의 신뢰도를 가지고 있고 VAS 척도로 답변하는 6 가지 질문은 매우 높은 내적 일치도를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다.