The statistical interpretations are on the correlations and the linear regressions between the various meteorological conditions the branch Pusan-Observatory of the National-Central-Meteorological-Observatory had measured from 1930 to 1962, and the production of silk worm cocon that the Section of Sericulture in the Ministry of Agriculture & Fishery had recorded from 1930 to 1962 in Gyung Sang Nam Do Korea. These were most in proportion to the sun shine time, an inverse proportion to the atmosphere humidity and the lowest temperature, in proportion to the mean temperature, the highest temperature and the amount of the rain fall. The correlations and linear regressions between the various meteorological factors to control the production of the silkworm cocoon of both per a box of the silk worm egg and per 10a of mulberry field was as follows. (1) The production of the spring silk worm cocoon was dicided by the various meteorological factors. 1. This was in proportion to the total sun shine time between 5 and 6 month. r=0.40*-(0.42$^{**}$) Y=0.0269$\chi$+6.46-(0.2795$\chi$+10.25) 2. This was an inverse proportion to the total amount between 5 and 6 month atmosphere humidity. r=-0.49$^{***}$-(-0.40*) Y=-0.2989$\chi$+62.77-(0.1474$\chi$+31.86) 3. This wasin proportion to the total rain fall amount between 6 and 7 month. r=0.47$^{***}$-(0.44$^{***}$) Y=0.0037$\chi$+16.42-(0.0035$\chi$+8.35) (2) The production of the autumn silk worm cocoon was decided by the various meteorological factors. 1. This was in proportion to the total sun shine time between 5 and 6 month. r=0.37*-(0.45$^{***}$) Y=0.0205$\chi$+5.51-(0.0173$\chi$+2.41) 2. This was an inverse proportion to the total amount between 5 and 6 month atmosphere humidity. r=-0.41$^{**}$-(-0.42$^{**}$) Y=-0.2085$\chi$+45.33-(-0.0599$\chi$+12.17) 3. This was in proportion to the total of rain fall amount of 6 and 7 month. r=0.48$^{***}$-(0.35*) Y=0.0050$\chi$+11.97-( ) 4. This was in proportion to the total sun shine time among 3, 4, 5, and 6 month. r=0.51$^{****}$-(0.49$^{***}$) Y=0.0178$\chi$-1.27-(0.0096$\chi$-3.60) 5. This was an inverse proportion to the total amount among 3, 4, 5, and 6 month atmosphere humidity r=-0.41/$^{**}$-(-0.44$^{***}$) Y=-0.0938$\chi$+40.14-(-0.05693$\chi$+20.49) 6. This was in proportion to the total of a year sun shine time. r=0.58$^{****}$-(0.43) Y=0.0037$\chi$+5.35-(0.0015$\chi$+1.02) (3) The production of the next year spring silk worm cocoon was decided by the this year various meteorological factors. 1. This was in proportion to the total of a year sun shine time. r=0.55$^{****}$-(0.52$^{****}$) Y=0.0034$\chi$+12.02-(0.0025$\chi$+3.84).>+3.84).3.84).>+3.84).
Im Dae Joon;Hyun Jae Sun;Paik Woon Hah;Lim Jong Sung
Korean journal of applied entomology
/
v.18
no.1
s.38
/
pp.1-10
/
1979
An inclusion forming virus isolated from a fan webworm, Hyphantria cunea, in 1975 was identified as a nuclear polyhedrosis virus. With the virus isolated in Korea, it was considered that the virus would be one of the valuable microorganism in microbial control. In this connection, 1) the shape and size of the virus for identification, 2) susceptibility of the various instar larvae to the virus, 3) the effects of storage condition on the pathogenicity and the cross infection of the virus to the larvae of Bombyx mori were examined. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The polyhedron was tetrahedron or hexahedron of $2\mu$ in size and the rod-shaped virus particles consisting of $2\~14$ rods in a bundle were $330m{\mu}\times35m{\mu}$ in size. 2. The hexagonal nuclear polyhedra were found only in the nucleus of the midgut cells but were variable in size. 3. The $LD_{50}$ values for the various instar larvae of H. cunea were $8.377\times10^4\;PIBs/ml$ for the second, $4.974\times10^5\;PIBs/ml$ for the fifth instar larvae. The $LT_{50}values$ for $10^6\;PIBs/ml$ were 9.6 days for the second, 11.5 days for the third, 12.0 days for the fourth and 17 days for the fifth instar larvae. 4. The susceptibility of H. cunea to the nuclear polyhedrosis virus was greater in the first generation than in the second generation. 5. The effect of the storage conditions on the pathogenicity of the nuclear polyhedra was less in refrigerator $(5^{\circ}C)$ and in freezing $(-80^{\circ}C)$ than in room temperature $(18.5^{\circ}C)$, especially as air-dried polyhedra than as suspension. The pathogenicity of the polyhedra seemed to decrease by sunlight during storage as cadavers, since rather greater decrease in pathogenicity was found in sunny condition than in shady condition. 6. The effective spray concentration was $6.4\times10^7\;PIBs/ml$ in the field and its $LT_50$ values for the third and the fifth instar larvae were 4.8 days and 14.2 days, respectively. 7. No cross infections were found in the nuclear polyhedrosis virus between H. cunea and B. mori. larvae.
Jeong, Yon Na;Park, Su-Jin;Lee, Sang Hoon;Choi, Youngmin;Choi, Kap Seong;Chun, Jiyeon
Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
/
v.52
no.4
/
pp.317-324
/
2020
In order to create the national food nutrient database, a total of 41 animal foods (ham, seafood, edible insects and eggs) were analyzed for their vitamin B12 content and the applied immunoaffinity-HPLC was verified. Ham vitamin B12 contents were 0.30-0.65 ㎍/100 g. Seafood showed relatively high vitamin B12 level, where the values of fermented clam were the highest (26.80 ㎍/100 g) followed by fermented pollack roe. Vitamin B12 was not detected in silkworm pupae and beetles, while relatively high levels were found in the two-spotted cricket imago (6.70 ㎍/100 g). Chicken and quail egg yolk had roughly 100- and 30-times higher vitamin B12 levels as compared to their egg white. Vitamin B12 contents in quail and chicken eggs were significantly enhanced by boiling (p<0.05). Results based on accuracy (97-102% recovery) and precision (<5% RSD) indicate that this study provides reliable vitamin B12 information on animal foods consumed in Korea.
This study has been carried out to investigate proteinase activity of digestive juice and sucrase activity of midgust tissue in the 5th day of the 5th instar influenced by the dietary composition (quantitative ratio between carbohydrate and protein) and tile rearing temperature during the 4th moulting period. The larvae grew on three kinds of semi-synthetic diet. The A-diet has more carbohydrate than the others, the B-diet has carbohydrate in 1 : 2 with protein, and the C-diet has more protein than the others. All the diets were kept at 16$^{\circ}C$, 25$^{\circ}C$ and 33$^{\circ}C$ during the 4th moulting period. Proteinase activity of digestive juice at the 5th day of the 5th instar was analyzed by Anson's hemoglobin method. Sucrase activity of midgut tissue at the 5th day of 5th instar was analyzed by Somogyi-Nelson's method. The results were as follows. 1. The dietary composition influencing contents of blood sugar was not related to the rearing temperature during the 4th moulting period. The contents of blood sugar appeared to increase in A-diet, B-diet and C-diet order, while proteinase and sucrase activity were stronger in C-diet, B-diet and A-diet order. 2. All kinds of diets showed almost the same fact that proteinase activity at 16$^{\circ}C$ was stronger than that at 32$^{\circ}C$. 3. It was found that sucrase activity became gradualy stronger at 32$^{\circ}C$, 25$^{\circ}C$ and 16$^{\circ}C$ in order in all kinds of diets. 4. There was an interaction in proteinase activity between the dietary composition and the rearing temperature in male larval digestive juice during the 4th mouiting period. On the other hand, there was an inter-acion in sucrase activity between the dietary composition and the rearing temperature in both female and male larval midgut tissue during the 4th moulting period.
There are relatively many reports have been issued on he active movement of cuticle of larva. which tend to protect their body, however, only a few reports have been disclosed on the cuticle of pupal body except the small portion of rectangle which shown tortoise-shell shape. In this connection, many portion of the external structure of pupal cuticle has been studied and the following. results were found: 1) No. spot of rectangle which is sculptured in the surface of cuticle that born by branching. out of the development of cell in imaginal bud of antenna and head were found. However, in the compound eye of net shaped sculpture was found in the (equation omitted) shaped parts which holding. the diameter of about 8u and the surrounding area has the small bump and the one is dark brown coloured comparing with shape. 2) The sculpture shape of thorax is a little different than in the head. However, (equation omitted) portion is varies from the segment to segment. In general, it is not very clear than the compound eye in the head, the dark brown bump shape is slowly fade a from the prothorax, mesothorax to metathorax. 3) The surface of intersegment membrane is colourless or slightly yellow, and the entire surface has stripped marking with thine lines. 4) In the abdominal segment, there are many and small sculptures in net shape around the (equation omitted) shape portions. 5) The size of sculpture in (equation omitted) portion of abdomen is smaller than one in thorax, and in the same segment, the dorsal is smaller than abdomen and the rear portion of the segment is larger than the front of segment. 6) After the 7th abdominal segment, no intersegmental membrane is found and the cuticle of the external structure is the same as external structure of the segment. 7) The seta is not found in head, compound eye, antenna and wing which portions were subdivided by development of imagined bud of the cell, no seta is found in cuticle of the segment in the general cell of the larva stage and also in the dorsal and intersegmental membrane.
Two major problems currently threaten human survival on Earth: climate change and the rapid aging of the population in developed countries. Climate change is a result of the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere due to the increase in the use of fossil fuels owing to economic and transportation development. The rapid increase in the age of the population is a result of the rise in life expectancy due to the development of biomedical science and technology and the improvement of personal hygiene in developed countries. To avoid irreversible global climate change, it is necessary to quickly transition from the current fossil fuel-based economy to a zero-carbon renewable energy-based economy that does not emit GHGs. To achieve this goal, the dairy and livestock industry, which generates the most GHGs in the agricultural sector, must transition to using low-carbon emission production methods while simultaneously increasing consumers' preference for low-carbon diets. Although 77% of currently available arable land globally is used to produce livestock feed, only 37% and 18% of the proteins and calories that humans consume come from dairy and livestock farming and industry. Therefore, using edible insects as a protein source represents a good alternative, as it generates less GHG and reduces water consumption and breeding space while ensuring a higher feed conversion rate than that of livestock. Additionally, utilizing the functionality of medicinal insects, such as silkworms, which have been proven to have certain health enhancement effects, it is possible to develop functional foods that can prevent or delay the onset of currently incurable degenerative diseases that occur more frequently in the elderly. Insects are among the first animals to have appeared on Earth, and regardless of whether humans survive, they will continue to adapt, evolve, and thrive. Therefore, the use of various edible and medicinal insects, including silkworms, in industry will provide an important foundation for human survival and prosperity on Earth in the near future by resolving the current two major problems.
Kyeongnam Kim;Yubin Lee;Yurim Kim;Donghyeon Kim;Chaeeun Kim;Yerin Cho;Junyeong Park;Yongha You;Byung-Ho Lee ;Sung-Eun Lee
Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
/
v.41
no.3
/
pp.193-203
/
2023
Ethyl formate (EF) is a naturally occurring insecticidal compound and is used to control pests introduced from abroad, in quarantine, by a fumigation method. In particular, it is mainly used as a substitute for methyl bromide and is less toxic to humans and less harmful to plants. This study aimed to investigate the possible acute toxicity of EF to useful organisms, and how to reduce phytotoxicity in watermelon, zucchini, and oriental melon. After fumigation with EF for 2 h, the LC50 values for earthworms, honey bees, and silkworms were 39.9, 7.09, and 17.9g m-3, respectively. The degree of susceptibility to EF was in the order of earthworms, silkworms, and honey bees based on the LC50 value, and EF fumigation induced stronger acute toxicity to honey bees. Phytotoxicity was observed in watermelon leaves treated with a concentration of 7.5 g m-3 EF, and when treated with a concentration of 10.0g m-3, it was confirmed that the edges of watermelon leaves were charred and seemed to be damaged by acids. Zucchini and melon, and other cucurbits, showed strong damage to the leaves when treated with a concentration of 10 g m-3, and sodium silicate, at concentrations of 10% and 20%, was used to reduce phytotoxicity. Therefore, acute toxicity towards nontarget organisms and phytotoxicity during the fumigation of EF should be reduced for efficient agricultural pest control.
The genetic variances and combinding ability of some useful characters were analyzd on sixty four combinations in the 8$\times$8 diallel cross using the four Japanese races(Jam 107, Jam 113, Jam 117 and Jam 119) and the four Chinese races(Jam 108, Jam 114, Jam 118 and Jam 120). The eight quantitative characters were the total larval stage period(TP), the fifth larval instar period(FP), the female cocoon total weight(FW), the male cocoon total weight(MW), the female cocoon layer weight(FL), the male cocoon layer weight(ML), the female cocoon layer ratio(FR), and the male cocoon layer ratio(MR). The results were as follows: The analysis of the genetic variance and the combining ability in the TP and the FP. In TP and FP, h2N was less than h2B. The GCA, SCA and RCA were at a high significant level. Hl/D and (Hl/D)1/2 ere large. The heterosis were small minus. E and D were large. The r was in the positive direction, because the recessive genes were mainly expressed as a short rearing periods. The regressions of the characters were passed below 0 point, because the characters in the TP and the FP were appeared overdominant. The order of the dominance in the TP of the parents were in the order of Jam 119>Jam 113>Jam 117>Jam 108>Jam 120>Jam 114>Jam 107>Jam 118, and that in the FP of the parents were followed in the orders of Jam 117>Jam 113>Jam 108>Jam 114>Jam 119>Jam 107>Jam 120>Jam 118. The analysis of the genetic variance and the combining ability of the FW and the MW. In the FW and the Mw, h2N was less the h2B. The GCA and SCA were large but RCA was little. Hl/D and (Hl/D)1/2 in the parents were large. Heterosis was large. E was appeared large in the FW, and small in the MW. D was small. The r was of the minus direction, because the dominance genes were less expressed. The regression of the these characters were padded below 0 point, because the characters in FW and MW were appeared overdominant. The orders of the dominance in the FW of the parents were as the order of Jam 107>Jam 108>Jam 119>Jam 113>Jam 114>Jam 120>Jam 117>Jam 118, and in the MW of them in the order of Jam 114>Jam 120>Jam 108>Jam 113>Jam 107>Jam 119>Jam 117>Jam 118. The analysis of the genetic variance and the combining ability of the FL and ML. In the FL and the ML, h2N was less than h2B. GCA and SCA were large. RCA was little. Hl/D and (Hl/D)1/2 ere large. Heterosis was large. The r was in the negative direction, because the dominance genes were less expressed. The regression of the characters of FL and ML were appeared overdominant. The dominance in the FL of parents ere in the order of Jam 120>Jam 114>Jam 119>Jam 119>Jam 118>Jam 107>Jam 117>Jam 113, and the ML of them in the order of Jam 114>Jam 108>Jam 120>Jam 117>Jam 118>Jam 107>Jam 119>Jam 113. The analysis of the genetic variance and combining ability of the FR and the MR. In the FR and the Mr, h2N was less than h2B. GCA was large. The SCA and RCA were little. In the FW, Hl/D was large but (Hl/D)1/2 was a little. In MR, Hl/D and (Hl/D)1/2 both were a littel. Heterosis was a little. E in the FR was in the negative direction, because the dominance genes were less expressed but that in the MR was the positive direction because the recessive genes were mainly expressed. The order of the dominance in the FR of the parents were in the order of Jam 117>Jam 114>Jam 108>Jam 120>Jam 118>Jam 119>Jam 107>Jam 113 and that in the MR these were in the order of Jam 114>Jam 117>Jam 108>Jam 118>Jam 107>Jam 119>Jam 120.
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