• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.103-128
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• 1997

The object of this study is to evaluate the possibility of chemical-induced liver disorder among workers exposed to various chemicals and to classify the the liver function abnormalities by causes and to analyse the risk factors for each liver disorders. A cross-sectional study including questionnaire survey, physical examination, laboratory tests and ultrasonography of liver was conducted on 1,126 workers, 459 workers in a coal chemical plant(company A) and 667 workers in an insulation material manufacturing factory(company B). An industrial hygienist reviewed the chemicals used in both companies and evaluated the work environments to classify the workers by chemical exposure semiquantitatively. The results are as follows: 1. Of 459 workers in company A, 83 workers(18.1%) are classified as nonexposed, group 163(35,5%) as short-term exposure group, 155(33.8%) as intermediately exposed group and 58(12.6%) as long-term exposed group bared on the mean daily exposure to hepatotoxic chemicals evaluated by an industrial hygienist. Of 667 workers in company B, 484(72.6%) workers were classified as nonexposed and 183(35.5%) as exposed group. 2. Workers with SGOT level higher than 40 IU/l were (10.0%) in company A and 77(11.5%) in company 3, and those with SGPT level higher than 35 IU/l were 118(25.7%) in company A and 198(29.7%) in company B. The differences were not significant between companies and between exposure groups(p>0.05). Workers with $\gamma-GT$ level higher than 62 IU/l were 29(6.3%) in company A and 77(11.5%) in company B (p<0.01). The difference between exposure groups was not significant(p>0.05) within companies. Workers with liver function abnormalities(defined as SGOT higher than 40 IU/l or SGPT higher than 35 IU/l) were 338(30.0%) among 1,126 workers. Of 338 workers with live. function abnormalities 139(12.3%) had fatty liver by ultrasonography, 79(7.0%) had alcoholic liver(defined as workers with liver function abnormalities with weekly alcohol consumption greater than 280 g for more than 5 years), 54(4.8%) had hepatitis B, 12(1.1%) had hepatitis C and the other 114(33.7%) was not otherwise classified. Prevalences of alcoholic liver and fatty liver were significantly lower in company A(prevalence ratio 0.24 for alcoholic liver, p<0.001, prevalence ratio 0.76 for fatty liver, p<0.05) but prevalences of liver disorders between exposure groups within companies were not significant(p>0.05). 3. Summary prevalence ratios(SPR) of live. function abnormalities, fatty live. and other liver disorders, adjusted by age and company were not significantly higher in exposed group in any chemicals(p>0.05) but in some chemicals, SPRs were significantly lower. 4. On simple analysis of risk factors for liver function abnormalities, prevalence odds ratio(POR) of those with age between 30 and 39 was 1.54(p<0.01) and those with age ever 40 was 1.51(p<0.01). POR of those with histories of liver disorders and general anesthesia was 1.77(p<0.001) and 4.02 for those with overweight and 6.23 for those with obesity, defined by body mass index(p<0.001). 5. On logistic regression analysis, risk factors of liver function abnormality were fatty liver(POR 2.92 for grade 1, 12.15 for grade 2), presence of hepatitis B surface antigen(POR 3.62) and obesity(POR 5.38 for overweight and 16.52 for obesity). Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen(POR 0.18) was the only preventive facto. of fatty live. Company(POR 0.30) and obesity(POR 2.49 for overweight, 4.52 for obesity) were related to the alcoholic live. Obesity(POR 2.94 for overweight) was the only significant risk factor of hepatitis B and there was no significant risk factor for liver function abnormality not otherwise classified. It is concluded that the evidence of liver disorder related with chemical exposure is not evident in these factories. It is also postulated that fatty liver and alcoholic liver is most common causes of liver function abnormalities among workers and effort for weight control and improvement of life style should be done.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.144-151
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• 1994

연구배경 : 속립성 폐결핵의 임상양상의 변화를 살펴보고, 유발요인과 동반질환을 연구하여 조기에 속립성 폐결핵을 발견, 조기치료를 유도하고자 한다. 방법 : 1989년 3월부터 1992년 12월까지 한양대학병원에서 입원 치료한 속립성 폐결핵 환자 40예를 대상으로 하였으며, 연령 및 성별, 계절별 발생빈도, 발병기간, 선행요인, 임상증상, 생화학적 검사소견, 흉부방사선 소견, 수반된 전신결핵, 예후 및 사망율 등을 조사하였다. 결과 : 1) 남자 23예, 여자 17예로 남녀비는 1.4:1 이었고, 연령분포는 20대가 23%로 가장 많은 빈도를 보였다. 2) 항산성 간균에 대한 객담검사에서 양성으로 나타난 경우는 5예(13%) 이었다. 3) 임상증상은 오한과 발열 그리고 기침이 각각 47.5%로 가장 많았고 다음은 호흡곤란(32.5%)이었으며, 이학적 소견은 빈맥이 30%, 체중감소 27.5%, 뇌막증상 17.5%의 순이었다. 4) 선행요인으로 과다한 음주가 6예, 부신피질 호르몬제 사용이 3예, 임신 2예 등이었다. 5) 흉부방사선 소견상 속립상 단독이 40%로 가장 많았고 그 다음으로 폐염, 늑막삼출, 석회화 등의 순으로 동반되었다. 6) 폐 이외에 타장기 침범은 결핵성 뇌막염이 30%로 가장 많았고 골 및 관절 결핵(17.5%), 장결핵(15%) 등이었다. 7) 혈청학적 검사상 SGOT/SGPT증가 32.5%, alkaline phosphatase증가 32.5%, 혈청 알부민 저하 15%, 저나트륨혈증 15% 등이었다. 8) 치료 성적은 투약후 약 4-6주후 65%에서 임상 증상이나 흉부방사선 소견상 호전되는 소견을 보였고, 30%에서 불변 혹은 악화되는 소견을 보였으며 5%에서 사망하였다. 결론 : 속립성 폐결핵의 성공적 치료를 위해서는 속립성 폐결핵의 유발요인과 동반질환 등에 대한 관심을 높이고 가능한한 조기치료가 이루어질 수 있도록 세심한 노력이 필요하겠다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.131-145
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• 2003

This study was conducted to estimate the incidence and the degree of cigarette smoking and drinking among working men, and then to investigate the effects on blood pressure, various hematological indices and blood chemistry. The sample consisted of 2,287 male workers who had undertaken a general health check-up during the two-year period from January, 2000 to December, 2001. Such factors as blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid profiles, and liver function tests were determined and then analyzed with respect to the subjects smoking and/or drinking status. The major findings from this study are: 1. The drinking and smoking status have shown that 52.7% of participants were in the habit of both drinking and smoking while 11.6% were not associated with either. On the other hand 25.4% were involved only in drinking and 10.2% only in smoking. In the group smoking over 21 cigarettes per day over 30, the age group occupied the largest proportion at 20.1%. 2. Regarding the relationship between smoking and/or drinking status, and blood pressure, hematology and blood chemistry, the smoking and/or drinking group had significantly higher levels of blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, Hb & Hct, TG, LDL-C, SGOT, and ${\gamma}$-GTP, than the non-smoking and/or non-drinking group. But HDL-C was significantly lower in the smoking group and significantly higher in the drinking group than the non-smoking/non-drinking group. 3. Regarding amount smoked, a larger number of cigarettes per day was significantly associated with the higher levels of blood pressure, systolic and diatolic, TG, TC, LDL-C, Hb, Hct, and ${\gamma}$-GTP. As for the amount druck, an increasing amount of alcohol intake was associated with rising levels of blood pressure, systolic and diatolic, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Hb, SGOT, and ${\gamma}$-GTP. 4. Regarding the correlation among all the variables stated above, the smoking and drinking amount was shown to be in the positive correlation with blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, TG, TC, Hb, and ${\gamma}$-GTP. On the contrary, LDL-C and HDL-C was in a positive correlation only with the amount drunk amount, and Hct only with the amount smoked. 5. As with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the odds ratio of the smoking group was 2.35 and 2.58 compared to the non-smoking/drinking group. whereas it was 1.47 and 1.75 in the smoking/drinking group. Concerning serum lipids, the smoking/drinking group had 1.97 times the levels of TG in the non-smoking/non-drinking group, though the smoking group had 1.55 times the levels of HDL-C in the non-smoking/non-drinking group. As with liver function test results, the drinking group had 2.50 times and the smoking/drinking group had 4.41 times the levels of ${\gamma}$-GTP in the non-smoking/drinking group. respectively. The above results revealed that smoking and alcohol intake were effected the results of blood pressure and laboratory tests. Specifically, not only the smoking/drinking group but also those only smoking or only drinking were not as desirable as the non-smoking and non-drinking group to the results of blood pressure and laboratory tests.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.459-464
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• 2008

본 연구는 고칼슘멸치가 흰쥐의 칼슘대사에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험처리는 시유와 칼슘강화우유, 칼슘강화소재(탄산칼슘, 젖산칼슘) 및 고칼슘대멸 등 5처리군으로 하였고, 대멸분말의 칼슘함량을 고려하여 최종식이의 칼슘함량은 1%가 되도록 semi-purified diet(AINdiet)에 혼합한 식이를 5주 동안 급여하였다. 대퇴골의 길이는 대조군인 우유군(M)와 칼슘강화우유군(M2)이 실험군 중 통계적으로 유의하게 길었고(p<0.05), BMD, BMC 및 칼슘함량은 고칼슘멸치군(MA)이 실험군 중 가장 높았다. 체외(in vitro) 칼슘흡수율은 고칼슘대멸군이 7.30%로 가장 높았고, 생체내(in vivo) 칼슘흡수율은 실험군간 차이는 없었지만 고칼슘대멸군이 27.50%로 가장 높았다. 혈청 중 총 콜레스테롤과 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 대조군과 고칼슘대멸군간에 통계적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). Creatinine 농도는 대조군, 고칼슘대멸군 및 탄산칼슘군이 칼슘강화우유군에 비해 통계적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 칼슘과 osteocalcin 농도 및 ALP활성은 실험군간에 차이가 없었지만 고칼슘대멸군이 높았다. SGOT활성은 칼슘강화우유군에 비해 대조군, 고칼슘대멸군 및 탄산칼슘군이 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과에서 고칼슘대멸군은 칼슘강화소재와 칼슘강화우유에 비해 대퇴골의 BMD, BMC 및 칼슘함량을 증가시켰으며, 생체내외(in vivo, in vitro) 칼슘흡수율에서도 다른 처리군보다 높았다. 본 결과는 대멸을 활용한 고칼슘식품 개발에 유용한 평가 자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.258-270
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• 1999

This study was carried out to offer the basic data for more qualitative lives of the middle-aged women through their health maintenance and control. So, the researcher reviewed and analyzed the health problems of the middle-aged women, the differences of main symptoms in each subject, positive ratcs in screening tests, the difference of screening tests with age and the correlation of obesity and blood pressure with screening tests. All subjects were 218 women(40-59years) who had a check-up at a comprehensive health check-up center in K University Hospital in Seoul from July 1, 1998 to August 31. 1998. Questionaires were developed to get subjects, general characteristics. main symptoms, medical examination and diagnosed disease by the researcher referring through the questionaires of comprehensive health check-up center and the medical recorders were used as a tool of study. The researcher analyzed the data with SPSS PC+ ; the distribution of the subjects, general characteristics and main symptoms with percentage : the difference between main symptoms and screening tests with X$^2$-test, ANOVA. The results are as follows. 1) Among the age distribution, most were 40-45 years old and unemployed. 2) The most common complaints were indigestion in digestive system, cough in respiratory system, heart beat in cardiovascular system, general sweat in endocrine system. edema in urinary system, easy bruise in hematologic system, backache in musculoskeletal system, headache in psychoneurologic system, lochia in gynecology, itch in dermatology system, eye ball pain in visual system and tinnitus in auditory system. 3) In main symptoms according to age, the 40-45 age group had a higher rate of complaints in digestive system and gynecology than other age group ; the 46-49 age group in endocrine system. 4) The main symptoms according to diagnosis had no difference statistically. 5) The screening tests which showed high rates of abnormality were mammography(the highest), abdominal ultrasonography, upper gastrointestinal series/gastrofiberscopy, PFT. In all age group the highest rate of abnormality was seen in mammography. 6) In screening tests according to age. the 46-49 age group showed higher positive rates of pap smear, blood sugar test, urine test than any other age group ; the 50-55 age group showerd higher positive rates of obesity, BP, chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasonography, ESR, SGOT, CRP and urine micro. 7) In correlation of obesity with screening test, the obesity group showed higher positive rates of blood pressure, chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasonography, HCT and CRP than the normal weight group. 8) In correlation of blood pressure with screening test, the hypertension group showed higher positive rate of obesity, chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasonography, pap smear and blood sugar than the normal blood pressure group. In conculusion, the middle-aged women have various physical symptoms and affected by age. The obesity and BP have an important effect on the health of the middle aged women. Therefore, this study is considered significant as data for qualitative lives of the middle-aged women playing an important part of family health care by catching of their health problem complaints for prevention of disease and promotion of health.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.10.1-10.11
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• 2017

Background: Transfer of pesticides from environment to animal products is inevitable, so the purpose of the present work was to evaluate phosalone consumption via feeding with or without sodium bentonite (SB) on performance, blood metabolites and its transition to milk of Iranian Baluchi sheep. Methods: Twenty Baluchi ewes were divided into four treatments (P1 as control, P2, P3, and P4) of five animals in which phosalone, an organophosphate pesticide, was given via diet (only for P2 and P3) at a dose of 280 mg/sheep/day for 63 consecutive days. The SB (32 g/sheep/day; for P3 and P4) was also evaluated for its ability to reduce deleterious effects of phosalone in the sheep diets. The control group (P1) did not receive any phosalone and SB during the experiment. Sampling was conducted in two periods of time including weeks 5 and 9. Results: Phosalone residues were observed in the milk samples of P2 and P3 groups during two sampling periods. During period 1, the transfer rate of phosalone from feed to milk was 0.23 and 0.02%, respectively for the contaminated diets (P2 and P3), which is relatively similar to period 2 (0.22 and 0.02%). Only 0.34 (period 1) and 0. 36% (period 2) of phosalone residue are excreted in the feces of P2 group following its daily consumption. Transfer of phosalone from feed to milk was affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary inclusion of a commercial SB, as it (SB) decreased excretion of phosalone via milk (P3). The phosalone and SB alone or together had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the dry matter intake (DMI) and body weight (BW) gain, but feed efficiency, milk production, milk fat, dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), albumin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) affected by the treatments in period 1 or 2 (P < 0.05). The Hb, RBC, and MCHC were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by about 9.72, 20.77, and 9.71%, respectively in the group P2 as compared to those of the control group during period 1. The AChE inhibitory activity (period 1 and 2) significantly increased when phosalone administered via the diet (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Although there were no adverse effects on the performance of sheep following the intake of phosalone alone (P2 vs. P1), but other research on the long and short times to the phosalone in high and low doses with more animals is suggested. Overall, compared to the control group, addition of SB in the diet of sheep improved nutrient digestibility, animal performance, and milk health.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.173-182
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• 1996

This study was performed to provide the information on the clinical characteristics of the most common paroxysmal pain disorder in maxillofacial region, trigeminal neuralgia, and the effects and side effects of carbamazepine. The patients who visited Orofacial Pain Clinic, Dept. of Oral Diagnosis, Seoul National University Dental Hospital for treating paroxysmal pain were studied by history taking, clinical examination, and radiography. Sixty-two patients(male 20, female42) without any clinical and radiological abnormalities were Included. The change of pain, blood tests, and side effects were investigated periodically after administration of carbamazepine. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Almost all patient with trigeminal neuralgia were over the age of forties and it was more common in women. 2. Trigeminal neuralgia was more right sided and the involved nerve was in the order of maxillary n., mandibular n., and ophthalmic n. 3. The mean duration of suffering was 20.7 months. Eighty percent of patients had apparent trigger area. 4. The duration of pain attack was in the older of several seconds, 1 min. to 5 min., more than 10 min., and 5 min. to 10 min. The frequency of pain attack was in the order of more than 10 per day, 6-10 per day, and 1-5 per day. 5. The clinic the patients had visited for reducing neuralgic pain was in the order of dental clinic, neurology, oriental medicine, otolaryngology, and pharmacy. 6. Unnecessary dental treatments for reducing neuralgic pain were performed in 41.9% of the patients. Almosit all treatments were irreversible ones such as endodontic treatment and tooth extraction. 7. The initial mean VAS was 8.6, but it was decreased to 3.8 after 1 month, to 2.7 after 2 months. Almost all patients showed decreased pain with 200-600mg/day of carbamazepine to 6 months. 8. WBC counts, especially neutrophil counts, was decreased in 1 week after administration of carbamazepine but reached initial level after 1 month. SGOT, SGPT, and creatinine did not show any significant change. 9. Blood pressure was not changed significantly after administration of carbamazepine. 10. Almost patients did not show any apparent side effects, but drowsiness, dizziness, skin itching, constipation, and gastric irritation were occurred in some patients.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.19-27
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• 1980

Although primary application of radioisotope scanning technics to the liver has been of use in the detection of the intra-hepatic space occupying lesion from the normal functioning liver parenchyme, there has been on increasing awareness of its use in evalution of Liver function. In this study, the diseases of the liver were classified into group A,B,C and D by the liver scanning findings, conventional liver function tests and clinical findings. Following were the results: 1. The colloidal radiogold liver scan appeared normal in the group A, also the albumin in serum, alkaline phosphatase activity and prothrombin time were within normal levels in this group. 2. In the group B, there were acute hepatitis 24(48%), chronic hepatitis 5(10%), toxic hepatitis 3(6%), subacute hepatic necrosis 3(6%), typhoid liver 4(8%), hepatic tuberculosis 2(4%), diabetes mellitus 3(6%) and others 3(6%). In this group, SGOT and SGPT were increased predominantly as compared with group A, and the liver scan showed small amount of mottling of activity and faintly visualized spleen. 3. In the group C, there were postnecrotic liver cirrhosis 30(60%), Laennec cirrhosis 10(20%), cardiac cirrhosis 1(2%), cholangiocarcinoma 1(2%), chronic active hepatitis 6(12%), hepatic milliary tuberculosis 1(2%) and gall bladder cancer 1(2%). In this group, the albumin in serum and prothrombin time were lowered significantly and the liver scan showed severe mottling of activity with extra-hepatic uptake in the spleen and bone marrow along the vertebral column. 4. In the group D, there were primary hepatoma 26(52%), hepatoma with liver cirrhosis 7(14%), metastatic liver cancer 5(10%), liver abscess 10(20%), multiple liver cyst 1(2%) and cystic duct adenoma 1(2%), In this group, the alkaline phosphatase activity was elevated with single or multiple intrahepatic space occupying lesion in the radiogold colloid liver scan.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.425-446
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• 1988

After 24 hours of preservation under 15 mmHg perfusion pressure the recovery rates of isolated canine hearts were determined. Preservation was performed in a cold room maintained at 4*C with 4 different types of perfusates bubbled with a mixture of 95% 0y and 5% CO~ using a modified perfusion unit designed in our institute. The perfusates used were as follows; Group 1: Krebs-Henseleit solution, Group 2: Krebs solution added by albumin and PGE1. Group 3: Modified Wicomb*s solution, Group 4: Modified Collin*s solution. The extent of myocardial recovery was evaluated using a modified isolated carmine perfusion model by measuring heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, left atrial pressure[LAP] and cardiac output. In addition to the above hemodynamic parameters, biochemical and enzymatic assays from perfusates and electron microscopic changes of the myocardium were also studied. The results were as follows; 1] The heart recovery rates were 41.6%, 53.4% and 108.9% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, and group 3 elicited the best result[p< 0.001]. The heart beat was never recovered in group 4. 2] Recovered systolic arterial pressures[mmHg] were 63.3% in group 1, 94.9% in group 2 and 94.3% in group 3. 3] LAPs[mmHg] were 20 in group 1, 13.5 in group 2 and 11.2 in group 3, which suggested that the best myocardial preservation was elicited in group 3[p< 0.05]. 4] Cardiac output, the sum of aortic stroke volume and coronary leakage, were 69.1% in group 2, and 90.7% in group 3, but these were not statistically significant[p=0.24]. No aortic stroke output was measured in group 1 and 4. 5] The degree of myocardial edema increase was 17.5` in group 1, 24.6% in group 2, 20.9% in group 3 and 55.3% in group 4. But there were no statistical differences in each group[p= 0.08]. 6] CPK-MB[U/L] levels were increased 750% and 332%[p< 0.05], glucose levels[mg/dl] 60.5% and 78.2% and SGOT[U/L] levels 523% and 333%, in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Biochemical and enzymatic assays could not be performed in group 1 and group 4, because of poor recovery of heart beat. 7] Electron microscopic findings in the myocardium of most groups revealed slight to moderate muscle cell and mitochondrial edema. But all these findings were within the limits of reversible change. From these above results, it is suggested that modified Wicomb*s solution seems to be the most useful physiologic salt solution for preservation of the heart. We propose that after further study and improvement, our portable continuous hypothermic perfusion system will contribute to the development of a better preservation method for donor hearts for human heart transplantation.

• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.99-128
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• 1997

In order to investigate the effects of Kyegyoksan on antitumor effects after Sarcoma 180 cells transplantation into the peritoneal cavity or left groin in mice, and immune depression in mice induced by methotrexate, the extracts of its herbal medicines were orally administered for 14 or 21 days. Experimental studies were performed for measureance of $IC_{50}$ in MTT assay, mean survival days, tumor and body weights for antitumor effects, delayed type hypersensitivity, hemagglutinine titer, hemolysin titer, rosette forming cells, interleukin-2 productivity, lymphocyte transformation, natural killer cell activity and phagocytic activity for immune responses in the immune depressed ICR mice, and SGOT, SGPT, BUN and creatinine for liver and kidney protective function in SO-rats. The results were obtained as follows: 1. From the results of MTT assay, the Kyegyoksan exstracts for SUN-1 and SUN-C4 were inhibited cell viability. 2. Mean survival time in Kyegyoksan-treated group was slightly increased with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 3. Tumor weight in Kyegyoksan-treated group was depressed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.01). 4. Body weight in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.05). 5. Delayed type hypersensitivity in Kyegyoksan-treated group was slightly incresed with no effctiveness, as compared with the control group. 6. Hemagglutinin titer in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance(p<0.05), but hemolysin titer was slightly incresed with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 7. Rosette forming cells in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.001). 8. Interleukin-2 productivity in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.001). 9. Lymphocyte transfomation in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.01). 10. Natural killer cell activity in Kyegyoksan-treated group at E/T ratio 100 : 1 was incresed with the statistical significance(p<0.01), but at E/T ratio 50 : 1 and 10 : 1 was slightly incresed with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 11. Phagocytic activity in Kyegyoksan-treated group was slightly incresed with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 12. The levels of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in Kyegyoksan-treated group were not effective change, as compared with the control group. According to the above results, it could be suggested that Kyegyoksan have prominent antitumor effects, enhance both cellular and humoral immunity, and have no injury to liver and kidney functions.