• 대한간호학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.418-435
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• 1991

The purposes of this study were to find out the effects of hospice care for the quality of life of the terminally - ill patients and to analyze the relationship between the effect of hospice care and the general characteristics of subjects. The subjects of the study were 32 terminally - ill patients hospitalized in the two general hospitals in Seoul, which have the hospice care unit. The data were collected using the questionnaire with interviews. They were done from Sept.28, 1989 to March 20, 1991. The tools used for the research were 17-item questionnaire regarding general characteristics, 42-item questionnaire about the quality of life (11- item for physical, 16 for psychosocial, and 15 for spiritual). The questionnaires were to measure the duality of life by means of the measure instruments of Betty R. Farewell(1989), Stein Kaasa(1988), Palm Pamela(1987), and Hwa-sook Choi(1987). 42 items were used after pre-test. In accordance with each purpose in this study, frequency and percentage were used on the general characteristics of subjects. ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson correlation were employed to evaluate the general characteristics of subjects and different level of quality of life before-and-after hospice care. The results of the study may be summarized as follws : 1. The effects of hospice care. Main Hypothesis : “The quality of life of the terminally - ill patients will be different from before-and-after hospice care” was supported(t＝6.82, df＝31, p＝ .000). Sub Hypothesis 1 : “The quality of life of the terminally - ill patients in the physical aspects will be different from before - and -after hospice care” was not supported(t＝0.07, df＝31, p＝ .946). Sub Hypothesis 2 : “The quality of life of the terminally - ill patients in the psychosocial aspects will be different from before-and-after hospice care” was supported (t＝4.69, df＝31, p＝ .000). Sub Hypothesis 3 : “The quality of life of the terminally - ill patients in the spiritual aspects will be different from before-and-after hospice care” was supported(t＝6.64, df＝31, p＝ .000). 2. Relationship between the general characteristics of subjects and the effects of hospice care. (1) The more the number of family, the higher the quality of life in the psychosocial aspects. (2) The higher the age of the patient, the lower the quality of life in the psychosocial aspects. (3) The high educational level of patients enjoy the high quality of life in general. (4) The high religious level of petients enjoy the higy Quality of life in the spiritual aspects. As a results of analysis above : 1. The most effective aspects of the hospice care to the terminally- ill patients was spiritual aspects. The next effective aspects was psychosocial area. 2. The least effective aspcets of the hospice care to the terminally- ill patients was physical aspects. Further study is needed to improve the quality of life in the physical aspects.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.59-74
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• 2004

We have conducted questionnaire and measured serum liver function tests on 153 patients whom have received a treatment at a local Oriental medicine clinic in Seoul from Sept. 1, 2002 to Dec. 31, 2002. Patients were categorized into the groups of control(10), decoction group(41), herbal group(5), western medicine group(45), and the group taking both herbal and western medicines(55) concurrently or separately. This study was conducted to investigate how these treatment methods can affect the liver functions. Following results were obtained : 1) Most of the research subjects were male(l03 individuals) living in large urban area, with drinking habit, highly educated, and with normal marriage. For the treatment history, 45 individuals received western medicine treatment(28.85%), 46 with Oriental medicine (29.49%), and 55 patients(35.26%) experienced both forms of treatment. 2) Measuring SD of serum liver functions for all the research subjects, T-protein was 6.95(0.73)g/dl, 4.07(0.51)g／dl for albumin, 0.44(0.19)mg／dl for T-bilirubin, 23.18(18.68)U／L for ALT, 27.42(27.43)U／L for AST, and 22l.27(64.58)mg／dl for LDH. 3) Among the research subjects with the liver functions outside of normal range were 0.64% for T-protein, 3.21% for T-bilirubin and ALT, 36.62% for AST, 0.64% for LDH, and none for Albumin. 4) Confusion variables which may affect the liver functions such as age, smoking, drinking, occupation, and residence were eliminated in calculation and no significant differences were witnessed between the control and experiment groups. 5) In measuring affects of treatment duration on the liver functions, no statistical significances were shown in multiple regression's ,${\beta}$(SE) values. 6) The values of odd ratio in the experiment groups compared to the control were in the range of $0.26(0.22){\sim}0.62(1.23)$. but T-bilirubin of the group receiving both Oriental and western medicine was 1.47(1.90) which showed statistical increase(p<0.001). 7) Factors affecting the liver functions are drinking volume per round duration of alcohol intake, western medicine treatment, gender, and age difference caused significant influences. 8) 57 individuals with serum liver functions out of normal range were mostly male, living in large urban area, median age of 38.89, with normal marriage, highly educated drinking less than once a week with less than 2 bottles per round, and with prior treatment in either western or Oriental medicine. Summarizing above results, we can carefully deduce that taking herbal medicine (both decoction and pills) or western medicine doesn't cause much affect in the liver functions. But taking two forms of medication simultaneously or altering dosage affect significant increase in the T-bilirubin level, thus one needs to take precaution when taking both. Further research is needed in this field to verify this evidence.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 1990

대구지방의 중요 하천인 낙동강, 금호강 및 신천을 대상으로 이들간의 수질차이와 홍수 전(8월24일)과 후(9월8일)의 수질차이를 비교하는 한편, 각 하천수가 Spirodela polyhiza Shleiden의 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 홍수 전의 화학 성분 농도는 대부분 금호강과 신천이 서로 유사하며(COD, 19.6~21.4; alkalinity, 177~183; ${NH_4}^{+},\; 20.7~24.4;\;{NO_3}^{-}\;39~4.3;\;{PO_4}^{3-},\;3.4~3.7;Ca^{2+},\;68.5~69.7;\;Mg^{2+},\;42;\;Cl^{-},\;90~92;SiO_2, \;10.4~11.2;\;{SO_4}^{2-},\;11~32;\;LAS,\;3.0~3.8;\;Cr^{3+,6+}$, 0.007~0.010ppm), 낙동강에 비해 훨씬 높았다.(${NH_4}^{+},\;{SO_4}^{2-},\;{PO_4}^{3-}$ 및 LAS는 30~40배 : COD, alkalinity,${NO_3}^{+},\;Mg^{2+},\;Cl^{-}$ 및 $Cr^{3+,6+}$은 2~5배). 특히 금호강은 다른 하천과는 달리 Secchi disk transparency가 극히 낮고(17cm), DO가 검출되지 않았다. Phytoplankton 군집의 general diversity index($\bar{H}$)는 낙동강, 금호강 및 신천이 각각 3.1, 2.7 및 1.6으로 신천의 오염도가 가장 높았다. 홍수기 후에는 특히 다음과 같은 성분이 증가하였다.(낙동강-${NH_4}^{+},1.0;\;{NO_3}^{-},9.6;\;SiO_2,\;12.8;\;{SO_4}^{2-}\;5.4ppm$; 금호강 DO, 1.0;${NO_2}^{-},\;0.92;\;{NO_3}^{-},\;22.2;{SiO_2},\;17.6ppm$; 신천-DO, 3.0;${NO_2}^{-},\;1.4;\;{NO_3}^{-},\;22.2;{SiO_2},\;19.2;{SO_4}^{2-}\;25ppm$). S.polyrhiza의 생육은 금호강수에서 가장 왕성한 반면(최대 RGR, 26%/day), 금호강수에서는 배양 7일째 생장이 중지되었고, 배양 11일째의 total chlorophy 일 함량은 낙동, 금호 및 신천수에서 각각 1.04, 1.88 및 1.25mg/g frond였다. 이들 하천수에 함유된 LAS(0.1~3.8ppm), $Cd^{2+}$(0~0.02ppm) 및 $Cr^{6+}$(0.004~0.010ppm)은 이 식물의 생육을 크게 저해하지 않았다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.429-442
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• 2002

독도 주변해역의 퇴적물에 살고 있는 대형저서동물에 대한 생물상과 분포양상을 보기 위하여 독도를 중심으로 방사형으로 5개 조사선을 설정하여 수심이 150 m내외의 얕은 곳에서는 반빈그랩으로, 수심이 500 m 이상인 곳에서는 박스코어를 사용하여 1999년 9월과 2000년 5월에 두 차례에 걸쳐 생물채집이 이루어졌다. 독도주변의 대륙붕에서의 퇴적상은 모래로 구성되어 있었으며, 대륙사면역의 퇴적상은 모래가 많이 포함되어 있었고, 울릉분지 내의 퇴적상은 니질이 우세한 퇴적상을 보여 대비가 되었다. 총유기탄소의 함량은 표층에서는 1%전후의 값을 보이고 있으나 정점별 함량 차이가 2배정도 나고 있다 독도 주변 해역의 사면역에 분포하는 대형저서동물을 조사한 결과 8개의 동물문(Phylum)에 속하는 15개 분류군들로 구성되어 있었으며, 조사해역에서 가장 우점한 동물군으로는 다모류로서 전체 출현개체수의 80.6%를 차지하였고, 연체동물(6.2%), 갑각류(4.0%), 성구동물(3.9%), 원생동물문의 유공충류(2.8%), 유형동물(1.4%) 순으로 우점하였다. 대륙사면의 우점종은 짧은더듬이달걀발갯지렁이(Exogone veugera)(40.9%), Cossura longicirrata(8.4%), Tharyx sp.(6.6%), Scalibregma inflatum(4.9%), Aglaophamus malmgreni(4.7%), Aricidea ramosa(3.8%), Sigambra tentaculata(3.7%) 등이었다. 대륙붕에서의 우점종은 Chone sp.가 전체 개체수의 49.3%를 차지하여 가장 우점하는 종이었고, Tharyx sp.(18.4%), Ophelina acuminata(6.7%), Chaetozone setosa(3.8%), Myriochele sp.(3.3%), Glycera sp.(2.6%), Aedicira sp.(2.4%) 등이었다. 다모류군집의 섭식 유형은 심해의 사면역에서는 표층퇴적물식자가 전체 다모류 개체수의 54.7%를 차지하여 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였고, 천해의 붕단역에서는 여과식자가 전체의 49.7%를 차지하여 가장 우점한 섭식유형이었다. 서식밀도는 울릉분지의 정점 A19에서 5종류의 저서생물과 152개체/m^2$로 가장 낮은 서식밀도와 빈약한 종조성을 보였고, 사면역의 정점에서는 평균 서식밀도가 3100개체/m^2$였다. 대륙붕에서는 평균 456개체/m^2$의 서식밀도를 보였다. 다모류의 출현종 유사도에 의한 집괴분석과 배열법의 결과 독도를 중심으로 남북에 위치한 정점들은 종조성에 차이를 보였다. 퇴적물 깊이 따른 저서동물의 수직분포 양상은 표층에서 가장 많은 개체수가 분포하며 깊이가 증가할수록 감소하는 양상을 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.162-169
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• 1998

젖소 90 마리, 사슴 35 마리를 노천에서 사육하는 유역면적 약 4ha의 농촌에서 빗물 유거수에 의한 축산분뇨 유출수가 하류에 있는 휴경답과 벼재배지에 유입될 때 빗물에 함유된 영양물질의 행방을 조사하여 논 생태계의 물질순환계에서 식생과 토양의 생태학적 기능을 평가하였다. 하루 56.4 mm의 비가 오는 날의 빗물 유거수중 $NH_4-N$ 함량은 $8.3mg\;{\ell}^{-1}$ 이었고, $P_2O_5$ 함량은 $1.8mg\;{\ell}^{-1}$ 이었다. 약 4 ha의 소수계에서 벼 재배 기간중 최상 위치의 휴경답으로 유입되는 빗물의 양은 20.900 Mg 였으며, 이 빗물 유거수에 함유되어 유입되는 질소의 양은 173 kg, 인산은 38 kg이었다. 축산분뇨 유출수가 휴경답과 벼 재배 포장을 통과한 후의 영양성분 감소율은 질소는 휴경답 50%, 1번답 84%, 2번답/3번답 90%, 4번답을 거친 논물은 92%가 감소하였고, 인산은 휴경답 50%, 1번답 91%, 2번답/3번답/4번답을 통과 후에는 95%가 감소하였다. 빗물 유거수에 의한 축산분뇨 유출수의 영양성분중에서 휴경답의 잡초에 의한 흡수와 토양내에 무기태 및 토양 유기물의 형태로 잔존하는 질소량은 29%이었고, 인산은 30%로서 논의 생태학적 순기능이 인정되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2012

본 연구는 부존 조사료자원의 활용으로 수입 사료를 줄이고 사료비 절감에 기여하고자 갈대 (Phragmites communis)를 공시하여 생육시기별 사료가치와 재생 및 생산성을 구명하였다. 시험 1은 경기 안산 시화간척지 갈대 자생지에서 2009년 5월부터 2010년 4월까지 7생육시기별 사료가치를 분석하였으며, 시험 2는 천안 국립 축산과학원 갈대 재배지에서 2011년 5월부터 11월까지 10시기별로 수량과 사료가치 및 재생 특성을 조사하였다. (시험 1) 5월부터 갈대의 생육이 진행될수록 사료가치는 크게 낮아졌다. 조단백질 함량은 2009년 5월, 7월, 9월, 2010년 4월 말에 수확하였을 때 각각 7.7%, 4.6%, 3.7%, 2.2%로, 상대사료가치 (RFV)는 각각 80.2, 65.1, 61.8, 52.8로, 건물 소화율은 각각 59.3%, 46.9%, 42.2%, 36.4%로 감소하였다. 반면 리그닌 함량은 7.1%, 9.9%, 12.0%, 13.2%로 크게 증가하였다. (시험 2) 1차 수확한 갈대의 생육과 수량은 6월 하순에서 7월 중순 수확시 양호하였으며, 조단백질, RFV, 건물소화율 등 사료 가치는 시험 1과 마찬가지로 생육이 진행될수록 낮아졌다. 1차 수확이 빠를수록 갈대의 재생은 양호한 경향이나 7월 말 이후는 차이가 작았고, 8월 이후 재생은 매우 부진하였다. 연간 수량은 2011년 5월, 6월, 7월, 8월, 9월, 10월, 11월 말에 수확하였을 때 건물수량은 각각 7,329 kg/ha, 12,527 kg, 9,593 kg, 8,279 kg, 7,649 kg, 5,822 kg, 5,540 kg으로, 조단백질 수량은 각각 1,067 kg/ha, 1,201 kg, 1,046 kg, 533 kg, 377 kg, 258 kg, 175 kg으로, 가소화 건물수량은 각각 3,924 kg/ha, 5,264 kg, 4,273 kg, 3,322 kg, 3,352 kg, 2,195 kg 및 1,887 kg으로 낮아졌다(p<0.05). 본 연구에서 RFV를 기준한 갈대의 조사료 (건초) 품질등급은 5월 갈대는 4등급 (다소 불량), 6~9월 갈대는 5등급 (불량), 10월, 11월 및 이듬 해 4월 갈대는 6등급 (부적합)이었으며, 재생 갈대는 모두 4등급 (다소 불량)으로 분류되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여볼 때, 갈대는 늦어도 7월 안으로 수확 사료화 하는 것이 양호한 가소화 건물수량과 볏짚 이상의 사료적 가치를 기대할 수 있어 권장되었다. 아울러 갈대의 재생은 전반적으로 불량하였고 1차 수량이 연간 수량의 70% 이상을 점유하였으며, 갈대는 연 1회 수확하여 사료화 이용이 바람직하였다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.154-157
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• 2002

Direct, continuous, and accurate measurements of solar ultraviolet irradiance (290-400 nm: UVR) have been carried out since 1990, by using both band-spectral ultraviolet-B (290-320 nm: UV-B) and ultraviolet-A (320-400 nm: UV-A) radiometers at Tokai University in Hiratsuka, Japan (35$^{\circ}$N, 139$^{\circ}$E). From our observations, the following findings are provided: 1) an increasing trend in solar UV -B from Oct. 1990 to Sept. 2000; 2) a regional comparison of solar UVR in Japan; 3) the distinct characteristics of UV-B and UV-A irradiance, such as diffuse property, daily and seasonal variation; and 4) human body protection against solar UVR. An increasing 10-year trend in global solar UV - B in Hiratsuka corresponded to a decrease in the total ozone amount measured at Tsukuba (36$^{\circ}$N, 140$^{\circ}$E), giving supportive evidence for a direct link between these two parameters. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found between solar UV-B and total ozone amount from results of UVR measurements at four Tokai University monitoring stations dispersed throughout Japan. Additional results revealed different diffuse properties in global solar UV and in global solar total (300-3000 nm: Total) irradiances. For example, in the global UVR, the diffuse component was dominant: about 80 % independent of weather, with more than 60 % of global UV-B, and more than 50% of global UV-A with even a cloudless clear sky. On the other hand, the portion of the diffuse in the global total irradiance was very low, less than 10 % on a cloudless clear day. Daily and seasonal variations of UV -B and UV -A irradiances were found to be quite different, because of the marked dependence of UV -B irradiance on the atmospheric ozone amount. Moreover, UV -B irradiance showed large daily and seasonal variations: the ratio between maximum and minimum irradiances was more than 5. In contrast, the variation in UV-A was small: the ratio between maximum and minimum was less than 2. Three important facts are proposed concerning solar UVR protection of the human body: 1) the personal minimal erythema dose (MED); 2) gender based difference in MED values; and 3) proper colors for UVR protective clothing.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.349-358
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• 2003

Objectives : Aseptic meningitis is a major cause of Korean childhood morbidity late spring and early summer. However, the nationwide incidences of the disease have not been reported. This study was conducted to evaluate the availability of National Health Insurance data (NHID) for the study of an epidemiological trend in the surveillance of aseptic meningitis in children. Methods : All the claims, under A87, A87.8, and A87.9 by ICD-10, among children below 15 years of age, to the National Health Insurance Corporation, between January and December 1998, were extracted. A survey of the medical record of 3,874 cases from 136 general hospitals was peformed. The availability of the NHID was evaluated by the three following methods: 1) The diagnostic accuracy (the positive Predictive value : proportion of the confirmed aseptic meningitis among the subjects registered as above disease-codes in NHID) was evaluated through a chart review, and according to age, gender, month and region of disease-occurrence. 2) The distribution of confirmed cases was compared with the distribution of total subjects from the NHID, for subjects in General hospitals, or the subjects surveyed. 3) The proportion of confirmed CSF test was confirmed, and the relating factor, which was the difference in CSF-test rate, analyzed. Results : Among 3,874 cases, CSF examinations were peformed on 1,845 (47.6%), and the CSF-test rates were different according to the medical utility (admission vs. OPD visit) and the severity of the symptoms and signs. The diagnostic accuracy for aseptic meningitis, and during the epidemic (May-Aug) and sporadic (Sept-Apr) periods, were 85.0 (1,568/1,845), 86.0 (1,239/l,440) and 81.2% (329/405), respectively. The distributions by age, sex, month or period (epidemic/sporadic) and region, in the confirmed cases, were similar to those in the NHID, in both the subjects at General hospitals and in those surveyed, to within ${\pm}7%$. Conclusions : In this paper, the NHID for the subjects registered with an aseptic meningitis disease-code might be available for an epidemiological study on the incidence-estimation of childhood aseptic meningitis, as the NHID could include both the probable and definite cases. On the basis of this result, further studies of time-series and secular trend analyses, using the NHID, will be peformed.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the two prosthesis that used for total ankle arthroplasty. Materials and Methods: From Sept. 2003 to Jun 2006, 13 patients and 14 ankles that could be follow up more than 1 months. Semiconstrained type (Group I, 7 cases) and Unconstrained type (Group II, 7 cases) were used for total ankle arthroplasty. Mean age was 63.2 year-old, 12 ankles are men and 2 ankles were women. Mean follow up periods were 29 months. The criteria to compare the clinical result were postoperative range of motion, AOFAS score and residual bone stock of medial malleolus. Results: Postoperative range of motion of group I was $43.6{\pm}9.4$ degrees and of group II was $50.7{\pm}7.3$ degrees (p=0.115). Postoperative AOFAS score of group I was $77.1{\pm}13.0$ points and of group II was $86.0{\pm}5.7$ points (p=0.094). Resected bone stock in medial malleolus of group I was $10.7{\pm}2.5\;mm$ and of group II was $5.1{\pm}1.2\;mm$ (p=0.003). Total number of complication in our study was 9 cases. 3 cases were a malleolar fracture, two occurred at intra-operation, the other at follow-up period. Re-operation was done in 6 cases, 3 cases were calcaneal corrective osteotomy, 2 cases were resection of a heterotopic bone and one case was pedicular flap operation for skin problem. Conclusion: In our hospital, mobile bearing type prosthesis shows good result than a semiconstrained type in respect of residual bone stock in medial malleolus. Postoperative range of motion and AOFAS score between two groups shows no significant difference. But small number of patients and short term follow up period is a defect in our study, afterward more population and long term follow up period are needed.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.48-65
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence that the marriage view of unmarried women have on future marriage, and to study which meaning this result have in the family health. Thus, for the study purpose which corresponds with it, the question survey was made, by making 500 unmarried women in the twenties in Seoul, from Aug. 16, 1991 to Sept. 5, 1991. And, as for the concrete survey contents, the idea on the marriage and family, marriage tiem, marriage selection, and the family planning after marriage etc. were center. As for the result examined in accordance with this, the data analysis was made by use of SPSS. And, as a result of the analysis, following conclusion was obtained. 1. About the necessity of marriage, 72.2% among the whole respondents had the affirmative attitude. On the other hand, the negative attitude about the necessity of marriage showed as 8.9%. This result is higher than 4.6% of Japan. Thus, it can be regarded as what reflected the tendency that the spinsterhood is increasing, with the decrease of the necessity about the marriage of the unmarried women of our nation recently. 2. Desiring marriage time is average 26.93 years old. Thus, it foreshowed that the late marriage tendency would continue. The relevancy to this late marriage was high (P＜.001), in case that the age is high, and that the education level of parents is low (P＜.01), and in case of the lone father and mother(P＜.001) 3. The age difference with the spouse at the time of marriage is average 3.1 age. Thus, it was the tendency that 0.2 age was narrowed than the recent data of Statistics Agency. And, the difference appeared narrow, in case that the age of respondent is high and the level of education is high(P＜.001). The selection condition of spouse showed the tendency to take a serious view of individual rather than family clan, in the oder of character, health and job etc. In addition, as for the selection method of spouse, the tendency to prefer love marriage to marriage made up by a go-between. And, in case of the respondent whose age is low, education level is high, both parents are in existence (P＜.001), number of brother is small, education level of parents is high, it showed to prefer the love marriage(P＜.05).