• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1527-1532
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• 2007

We have evaluated the toxicity of interior materials for the railway passenger car by checking the release of $CO_2$, CO, NOx, SO2, HCl, HF, HBr, HCN. The NOx is one of the most effective for the determination of Toxic Index R value. It is generally known that the mechanism of thermal NOx generation without the Interior Material nitrogen source. This study started from the idea to check the NOx difference according to the furnace temperature. But from the results, it was revealed that NOx is not so sensitive for the furnace temperature in case of solid burning. Other gases such as HCN, CO were more changeable to the furnace Temp. We reported the test result as for toxicity index r(x).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.786-790
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• 2003

The purpose of this research is to observe that the acoustic characters of classroom have some difference by several conditions. TSP has used to measure impulse response and such physical indexes as RT(Reverberation Time), D$\sub$50/, and STI(Speech-Transmission-Index) are computed by it. we investigate difference under some conditions such as when students were present at each classroom and when was not so, and when professor used a microphone and unused it. In this study, we found that reverberation time when people take a seat is lower than was not so. we wish to help one who work for construction industry, as they build a kind of classroom

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2017

This study aims to explore the direction of readjustment of rural areas, considering the community. Therefore, it classified the types of 37 Myeon units from 4 communities with higher aging index among rural communities in Jeonnam according to the degree of central functions and population and examined the residents' awareness of community space. As a result, The space used as a social activity for each type is as follows. First of all, the type of decline in the decline of the central index, which reduces transportation conditions, is welfare center (culture center). Second, the central index is high, but there is a low degree of access to the center of the middle and low levels of the population, and the local autonomous center and marketplace, respectively. Third, the low level of access to the central index and the higher center is Nonghyup. Fourth, the decline type with low center index and low accessibility to superior center and low population was the elderly community. Additionally, the types with higher center index on the awareness of community included solidarity and neighbor relationship, and those with lower center index were influenced by cooperation and community awareness for community activation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1217-1223
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• 2008

Vehicle vibration mostly originates from the road excitation and causes discomfort, fatigue and even injury to a driver. Vehicle ride comfort is one of the most important performance indices to achieve a high-quality vehicle design. Since design parameter variations inevitably result in the vehicle ride comfort variance, the variance characteristics should be analyzed in the early design stage of the vehicle. The vehicle ride comfort is often defined by an index which employs a weighted RMS value of the acceleration PSD of a seat position. The design solution is obtained through two steps in this study. An optimization problem to obtain a minimum ride comfort index is solved first. Then another optimization problem to obtain minimum variance of the ride comfort index is solved. For the optimization problems, the equations of motion and the sensitivity equations are derived basing on a 5-DOF vehicle model. The numerical results show that an optimal solution for the minimum ride comfort is not necessarily same as that of the minimum variance of the ride comfort.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.273-280
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• 2019

Carbon fiber composite laminate has been widely used in the area of sports applications such as race car, golf club, fishing rods, yacht. In this study, carbon fiber composite laminate was used in the rear upright of leisure purposed small size single-seat electric race car to reduce its unsprung mass of suspension system. The focus of this research is to investigate in finding optimal stacking lay-up of rear upright laminated with carbon fiber composite in the early design phase. Forces transferred from circuit road to rear upright were estimated through MBD(Multi-Body Dynamics)model of the rear suspension geometry. To evaluate the strength of the rear upright laminated with carbon fiber composite which generally behaves in an anisotropic or orthotropic manner, FEA(Finite Element Analysis) model suitable for composite materials was built followed by its strength was evaluated depending on different stacking lay-up. The result showed that Symmetric stacking lay-up [$45^{\circ}/-45^{\circ}/90^{\circ}/0^{\circ}$]s for frontal area and symmetric stacking lay-up with 1mm aluminum core [$45^{\circ}/-45^{\circ}/90^{\circ}/Core$]s for rear area were most suitable of 16 lay-up cases from the side of both strength based on Tasi-wu failure index and weight.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.158-165
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this paper was to compare test standards regarding the performance and safety of agricultural tractors to identify the differences in test conditions, measurement tolerances, and test procedures. Based on the comparison, some recommendations were proposed for possible revisions or improvements to current tractor test standards. Methods: The test standards and codes of major standards development organizations (SDOs), such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), EC type approval, and the board of actions of the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratories (NTTL), were selected and analyzed. Comparison of the test standards: The ISO provides references for fuel and lubricants for tractor tests, and the OECD provides additional measurements for calculating fuel consumption characteristics during the power take-off (PTO) tests. The ISO, EC type approval, and the ASABE provide PTO protective device and the safety requirements. During drawbar power tests, seven transmission ratios are selected for fully automatic transmissions, according to the OECD. In case of hydraulic lift tests, ISO 789-2 and OECD Code 2 advise the use of a static lift force, while SAE J283 advises the use of additional dynamic lift capacity tests for a better representation of in-field operations. The OECD, the ISO, and EC type approval determine the seat index point (SIP), whereas the ASABE determines the seat reference point (SRP) for roll-over protective structure (ROPS) tests. Diversified measurement tolerances were among the braking performance test standards. The European Union (EU) has developed daily limits for vibration exposures with adaptations from ISO 2631-1. Electromagnetic compatibility evaluations are emerging of high-efficiency tractors due to the long-term conformance to electromagnetic emissions and interferences. Comparisons of tractor test standards discussed in this paper are expected to provide useful information for tractor manufacturers and standards development personnel to improve the performance and safety test standards of tractors.

• Journal of KSNVE
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.301-310
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• 1997

This paper presents active noise control method to form the near-field quiet zone for passengers in an automobile. The actuator model including interior acoustic plant, speaker and amplifier is experimentally identified in forms of auto-regressive and moving average by means of least mean square algorithm, The digital controller is composed of the regulator and Kalman filter to be designed based on LQG (linear quadratic gaussian). If the actuator model is prefiltered with digital filter to be properly designed for concentrating control performance index on the frequency band of primary noise source, LQG design approach can be effectively applied for the design of headset controller. Experimental results demonstrate that near-field quiet zone showing about 10dB noise reduction at microphone position can be formed using the headset located at passenger seat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.57-64
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• 2011

Vibrations on the floor in a car are transmitted to the foot, hip, and back from the seat. Human body recognizes these vibrations, but the sensitivity for each vibration is different. To evaluate these vibrations, RMS(root mean square) of accelerations, VDV(vibration does value) are commonly used. The ride comfort evaluation is usually carried out by experiments of real cars which are expensive. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the status of several ride vibration standards and criteria having relevance to construction machinery vehicles and to suggest recommendations for the effective use of such criteria in vehicle / component development.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.499-510
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• 2017

Based on "The Global Gender Gap Report" by World Economic Forum, this study identified factors of gender gap and analyzed a relationship between income growth and economic structural improvement with 145 countries. Consequently, sex ratio has a positive relationship with GNI growth rate and ICT development index. Female illiteracy has a negative relationship with only GNI growth rate, and female seat of parliament has a positive relationship with only with only GNI growth rate. Female labor participation rate has a positive relationship with inly ICT development index. These results confirmed the importance of future female labor force. With these results, many countries will need to reconsider discrimination against women and establish strategy based on an institution and a policy to prepare the 4th industrial revolution.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.218-222
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• 2017

Purpose: Driving is an important activity that is affected by various motor and cognitive deficits after stroke. On the other hand, there is no standard screening tool to evaluate the sitting asymmetry during driving, which is the stereotyped postural characteristic observed in patients with stroke. Therefore, this study compared the buttock pressure during simulated driving between healthy adults and patients with stroke. Methods: Ten post-stroke patients and ten healthy subjects participated in the experiment. The participants experienced simulated driving of 6.1 km during approximately 5 minutes for adaptation. The driving scenario consisted of 3.5 km urban traffic conditions, 10 km straight highway, and 7 km curved or hilly rural roads. Force sensitive application (FSA) was used to analyze the distribution of the buttock pressure on the driver's seat. The symmetry index (SI) was determined using the average buttock pressure of each side of the buttock. The closer SI is to zero, the higher the symmetry of buttock pressure. Results: These studies showed that the SI of healthy subjects was significantly closer to zero than that of the stroke patients. Conclusion: The buttock pressure of the stroke patients showed more asymmetry than that of the healthy subjects during simulated driving. Therefore, a therapeutic approach is needed for symmetrical sitting to improve the driving performance.