• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.13-14
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• 2011

Reinforced concrete structures are damaged by concrete carbonation, salt attack, and sulfate attack. The evaluation of the amount of chloride ion from the sea is very important to assess the life expectancy of Reinforced Concrete structures. The incoming salt collector which is developed in Japan has been used until the present, Unfortunately, the incoming salt collector has had a bad reputation which is caused by backward wind. The wind from backward causes the reduction of the amount of collected salt in collector's gauze. The collector was developed for excluding the effect of backward wind. The performance of it was verified from analytic and experimental methods.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1010-1015
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• 2008

The effects of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties and mineral composition of sun-dried salt were investigated. The salts parched at high temperature were appeared the higher alkalinity and the lower oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) than the samples without heat treatment. The commercial salts (bamboo salt and yellow loess salt) and the sun-dried salt parched at high temperature had relatively higher sodium ion content (418-450 ppm) compared to that (418.0 ppm) of refined salt. The increase of calcium ion occurred in the salts parched at high temperature compared to the sun-dried salt without heat treatment, but the magnesium ion was vice versa. The commercial salt, yellow loess salt had highest turbidity (0.973) whereas sun-dried salt showed lowest level (0.097) among the tested samples. Turbidity of heat treatment samples decreased as solubility increased. The maximum concentration of dialyzed salt was reached after 4 hr regardless of various processed salts, but those had no difference significantly among the tested samples. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the parched sun-dried salts showed different peak intensity with common salts, and they were similar to the patterns of oxide salts, especially MgO. The maximum value (2.56%) of MgO appeared in the sun-dried salt parched at $1,400^{\circ}C$.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.767-772
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• 2012

In support of optimizing electrorefining technology for treating spent nuclear fuel, lithium drawdown has been investigated for separating actinides from molten salt electrolyte. Drawdown reaction selectivity is a major issue that requires investigation, since the goal is to remove actinides while leaving the fission products and other components in the salt. A series of lithium drawdown tests with surrogate fission product chlorides was run to obtain selectivity data with non-radioactive salts, develop a predictive model, and draw conclusions about the viability of using this process with actinide-loaded salt. Results of tests with CsCl, $LaCl_3$, $CeCl_3$, and $NdCl_3$ are reported here. Equilibrium was typically achieved in less than 10 hours of contact between lithium metal and molten salt under well-stirred conditions. Maintaining low oxygen and water impurity concentrations (<10 ppm) in the atmosphere was observed to be critical to minimize side reactions and maintain stable salt compositions. An equilibrium model has been formulated and fit to the experimental data. Good fits to the data were achieved. Based on analysis and results obtained to date, it is concluded that clean separation between minor actinides and lanthanides will be difficult to achieve using lithium drawdown.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.546-547
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• 2007

Magnesium is widely used as a lightweight alloy for car engine components and case of cellular phone. Extraction technologies of magnesium are divided to fused salt electrolysis process and thermal reduction process. In this study, electrolysis magnesium is prepared by fused salt electrolysis process with magnesium chloride. We compared two kinds of mixed salt at 7V. As a result, 47% of current efficiency was obtained by electrolyzing KCl/NaCl/$MgCl_2$ mixed salt bath at $760^{\circ}C$, and purity of the prepared magnesium was over 98%. With this study, we can scale up fused salt electrolysis device and accumulate basic data which will be needed for designing an electrolysis cell.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

To reduce salt content and enhance calcium in chicken patty, shell calcium powder (SCP) was added, and transglutaminase (TG) was included to improve its properties. Five different treatments were prepared to assess the effects: CON (2% salt), T1 (0.75% salt + 0.2% SCP), T2 (0.75% salt + 0.2% SCP + 0.2% TG), T3 (0.5% salt + 0.4% SCP), and T4 (0.5% salt + 0.4% SCP + 0.2% TG). Reducing salt led to decreased ash content and increased cooking loss. The addition of SCP and TG raised pH levels. Meat color remained consistent with different salt, SCP, and TG levels. However, when salt was reduced to 0.5% and SCP was added at 0.4% without TG, the patty's hardness and chewiness decreased. Sensory evaluations showed reduced juiciness when salt was reduced to 0.5% and SCP was added at 0.4%, but no significant differences were observed in overall acceptability. Salt had no impact on TBARS results, but salt reduction to below 0.5% increased susceptibility to microbial contamination. In summary, reducing salt and adding SCP had minimal sensory impact, but when salt is reduced to 0.5% or lower, consider adding TG. Also, when decreasing salt, additional preservatives should be considered to address potential microbial contamination during manufacturing.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2003

We studied the effect of Bamboo salt-pro on the growth and acid production of S. mutans. The growth of S.mutans was reduced by the presence of the Bamboo salt-pro (1 mg/ml) and NaCl (1 mg/ml) significantly, and the positive control group (1 % of NaF) also exhibited antibacterial activity significantly. Bamboo salt-pro (1 mg/ml) reduced the rate of acid production by S. mutans. Bamboo salt alone did not demonstrate such a reduction in acid production at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. The inhibitory action of Bamboo salt-pro on acid production was found at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, but bamboo salt alone was not at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. In addition, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of Bamboo salt-pro on human mast cell line HMC-1. Bamboo salt-pro (0.1 and 0.01 mg/ml) inhibited significantly the secretion of inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-a with $59.47{\pm}0.15%$, $51.98{\pm}0.16%$ respectively. Our results suggest that Bamboo salt-pro importantly contributes to the prevention or treatment of periodontitis and other oral diseases and inflammatory diseases.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.379-384
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• 2017

An electrochemical reduction of a mixture of NiO and rare earth oxides has been conducted to increase the reduction degree of rare earth oxides. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement was carried out to determine the electrochemical reduction behavior of the mixed oxide in molten LiCl medium. Constant voltage electrolysis was performed with various supplied charges to understand the mechanism of electrochemical reduction of the mixed oxide as a working electrode. After completion of the electrochemical reduction, crystal structure of the reaction intermediates was characterized by using an X-ray diffraction method. The results clearly demonstrate that the rare earth oxide was converted to RE-Ni intermetallics via co-reduction with NiO.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.392-398
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• 2020

Producing solar grade silicon using an inexpensive method is a key factor in lowering silicon solar cell costs; the direct electrochemical reduction of SiO₂ in molten salt is one of the more promising candidates for manufacturing this silicon. In this study, SiO₂ granules were electrochemically reduced in molten CaCl₂ (850℃) using Ag-Si eutectic droplets that catalyze electrochemical reduction and purify the Si product. When Ag is used as the working electrode, the Ag-Si eutectic mixture is formed naturally during SiO₂ reduction. However, since the Ag-Si eutectic droplets are liquid at 850℃, they are easily lost during the reduction process. To minimize the loss of liquid Ag-Si eutectic droplets, a cylindrical graphite container working electrode was introduced and Ag was added separately to the working electrode along with the SiO₂ granules. The graphite container working electrode successfully prevented the loss of the Ag-Si eutectic droplets during reduction. As a result, the Ag-Si eutectic droplets acted as stable catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of SiO₂, thereby producing one-dimensional Si rods through a mechanism similar to that of vapor-liquid-solid growth.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2010

Reduction of oxides has been investigated for the volume reduction and recycling of the spent oxide fuel from commercial nuclear power plants. Various oxide reduction methods were proposed and KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) is currently developing an electrochemical reduction process using a LiCl-$Li_2O$ molten salt as a reaction medium. The electrochemical reduction process, the front end of the pyroprocessing, can connect the PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) oxide fuel cycle to a metal fuel cycle of the sodium cooled fast reactor. This paper summarizes KAERI efforts on the development, improvement, and scale-up of the oxide reduction process.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.391-398
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• 2011

Physiological responses to salinity stress were evaluated in six rice genotypes differing in their tolerance to salinity at the seedling stage. Susceptible genotypes ('Dongjingbyeo', 'Hwayeongbyeo', and 'IR29') showed salt injury symptoms (mean 8.8) and higher visual score under salt stress than that of tolerant ones ('Pokkali', 'IR74009', and 'IR73571'). As salinity affects growth and physiological parameters, the six genotypes thus showed significant reduction because of salt stress. Tolerant Japonica/Indica bred lines ('IR74009', 'IR73571') showed lower reduction, 33.9%, 34.5%, and 50%, respectively, in plant seedling height, dry shoot weight and dry root weight than those of the susceptible Japonica varieties ('Dongjingbyeo', 'Hwayeongbyeo'), and the highest reduction under salt stress was observed in dry root weight, followed by dry shoot weight and seedling height, respectively. Shoot $Na^+$ concentration of IR74099 and IR73571 was lower than that of the susceptible varieties, 'Dongjinbyeo' and 'Hwayeongbyeo'. There were no significant differences among genotypes in root $Na^+$ concentration. Shoot $K^+$ concentration showed a reverse tendency compared to shoot $Na^+$ concentration. IR74009 and IR73571 had considerably lower ratio compared to 'Dongjinbyeo' and 'Hwayeongbyeo' in $Na^+/K^+$ ratio of their shoot and was not different the tolerant check, 'Pokkali'.