• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2005

Protective efficacy of vaccination with Neospora caninum multiple recombinant antigens against N. caninum infection was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Two major immunodominant surface antigens (NcSAG1 and NcSRS2) and two dense granule proteins (NcDG1 and NcDG2) of N. caninum tachyzoites were expressed in E. coli, respectively. An in vitro neutralization assay using polyclonal antisera raised against each recombinant antigen showed inhibitory effects on the invasion of N. caninum tachyzoites into host cells. Separate groups of gerbils were immunized with the purified recombinant proteins singly or in combinations and animals were then challenged with N. caninum. Following these experimental challenges, the protective efficacy of each vaccination was determined by assessing animal survival rate. All experimental groups showed protective effects of different degrees against experimental infection. The highest protection efficacy was observed for combined vaccination with NcSRS2 and NcDG1. Our results indicate that combined vaccination with the N. caninum recombinant antigens, NcSRS2 and NcDG1, induces the highest protective effect against N. caninum infection in vitro and in vivo.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2018

This study analyzed the body shape of women over 70 years and classified their body shapes in order to provide basic data for the development of pants patterns that can complement the weakness of the body shape of elderly women. It were analyzed using SPSS Ver. 20.0. Five factors were extracted from the lower body: obesity and thigh thickness, lower body length, under knee thickness, ankle height, and hip sag. In type 1, the lower body was obese and the legs were thick, but the hips were not sagging. It was named 'high-hip obesity figure'. Type 2's abdomen, hip, and waist were obese, but the legs were thin and the hip were not sagging. Thus, 'bird-leg middle obesity figure' was the name. Type 3 had a long and slender lower body, but legs were thick and the hips were saggy, it was named 'strong-leg low-hip slender figure'. The elderly women showed less difference in waist, abdomen, and hip circumference. The abdominal circumference was 2-3cm more than the waist and hip circumference; hence there is a need to differentiate the shape and number of darts in the production of bottom-wear patterns for older women. In addition, the leg circumference is gradually reduced by aging compared to the size of the lower body. Therefore, it would be necessary to search for a method that can effectively design the difference between the hip circumference and the leg circumference in relation to the body shape and the aesthetics of older women.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.201-212
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• 2023

Purpose: The gastrointestinal system is the most commonly affected organ, followed by the lungs, in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease (PID). Hence, it is common for children with PIDs to present with gastrointestinal symptoms. We aimed to analyze the clinical and histopathological findings of patients who were initially admitted to pediatric gastroenterology/hepatology clinics and subsequently diagnosed with PIDs to identify the clinical clues for PIDs. Methods: The demographic, laboratory, and histopathological findings, treatment modality, and outcomes of patients initially admitted to the pediatric gastroenterology/hepatology unit and subsequently diagnosed with PIDs were recorded. Results: The study included 24 patients (58.3% male; median age [range]: 29 [0.5-204] months). Common clinical presentations included chronic diarrhea (n=8), colitis (n=6), acute hepatitis (n=4), and acute liver failure (n=2). The association of autoimmune diseases, development of malignant diseases, and severe progression of viral diseases was observed in 20.8%, 8.3%, and 16.6% of the patients, respectively. Antibody deficiency was predominantly diagnosed in 29.2% of patients, combined immunodeficiency in 20.8%, immune dysregulation in 12.5%, defects in intrinsic and innate immunity in 4.2%, autoinflammatory disorders in 8.3%, and congenital defects of phagocytes in 4.2%. Five patients remained unclassified (20.8%). Conclusion: Patients with PIDs may initially experience gastrointestinal or liver problems. It is recommended that the association of autoimmune or malignant diseases or severe progression of viral diseases provide pediatric gastroenterologists some suspicion of PIDs. After screening using basic laboratory tests, genetic analysis is mandatory for a definitive diagnosis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2020

Purpose: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) in one of the most common genetic causes of liver disease in children. We aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with A1ATD. Methods: This study included patients with A1ATD from five pediatric hepatology units. Demographics, clinical findings, genetics, and outcome of the patients were recorded (n=25). Results: Eight patients (32.0%) had homozygous PiZZ genotype while 17 (68.0%) had heterozygous genotype. Patients with PiZZ genotype had lower alpha-1 antitrypsin levels than patients with PiMZ genotype (37.6±7.7 mg/dL vs. 66.5±22.7 mg/dL, p=0.0001). Patients with PiZZ genotype were diagnosed earlier than patients with PiMZ genotype, but this was not significant (13±6.8 months vs. 23.7±30.1 months, p=0.192). Follow-up revealed the death of one patient (12.5%) with a homozygous mutation, and revealed that one patient had child A cirrhosis, five patients (62.5%) had chronic hepatitis, and one patient (12.5%) was asymptomatic. Nine of the 17 patients with a heterozygous mutation had chronic hepatitis (52.9%), two (11.7%) had child A cirrhosis, and six (35.2%) were asymptomatic. Overall, 18 (72%) of the 25 children had liver pathology in the long-term. Conclusion: Although prevalence is rare, patients with liver disorders should be checked for alpha-1 antitrypsin levels. Moreover, long-term follow-up is essential because most patients have a liver pathology.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1995

1986년 1월부터 1993년 12월까지 8년간 외과적 교정술을 시행한 117 증례에대하여 임상적인 관찰을 시행하였다. 1) 남녀 성비는 1:1.4로 여자가 많았으며 평균연령은 23.0세였다. 2) 악교정수술을 받기위하여 내원한 환자의 진단에 따른 분류를 보면 하악 전들증의 경우가 87증례(75.0%)로 주종을 이루고 있었다. 3) 수술방법중 하악단독수술은 88증례, 상악골 단독수술은 6증례, 상하악 동시이동술은 23증례였으며 이중 하악지 시상골절단술이 사용된 경우가 84증례(71.8%)로 가장 많았다. 4) 골편의 고정을 위하여 강선고정보다 Miniplate나 Screw 를 이용한 고정이 점차 선호되고 있으며 전체수술에서 견고고정의 비율은 66.0%였다. 5) 본 교실에서는 외가적 교정수술 환자를 대상으로 1992년 2월부터 저혈식 자가수혈을 이용하고 있으며 One Jaw surgery 에서는 2 pints, Two Jaw surgery 에서는 3 pints를 준비하고 잇다. 6) 악교정수술의 합병증으로는 하순지각마비등의 신경손상이 전체수술의 63증례(53.8%)로 가장 많았으며 골편의 잘못된 위치, 과두위치보존의 실패, 견고고정의 불안정등이 원인이 되어 5증례에서 재수술을 시행하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.143-144
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• 2011

최근 광전자 분야에서는 미래 에너지 자원에 대한 관심과 함께 GaN 기반 발광다이오드에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 특히 InGaN/GaN 양자 우물 구조는 푸른색, 녹색 발광다이오드 구현에 있어 우수한 물질적 특성을 가지고 있다고 알려져 있다. 하지만 우수한 물질적 특성에도 불구하고 고인듐 고품위 막질 성장의 어려움으로 인해 높은 효율의 녹색 발광다이오드 구현하는 것은 여전히 어려운 실정이다. 이를 극복하기 위한 대안 중에 하나인 선택 영역 박막성장법(Selective Area Growth)은 마스크 패터닝을 통해 열린 영역에서만 박막을 성장하는 방법으로써 인듐 함량을 향상 시킬 수 있는 방법으로 주목 받고 있다. 선택 영역 박막 성장법을 이용하여 GaN를 성장하기 위해 그림 1의 공정을 통하여 n-GaN층 위에 SiO2 마스크를 포토리소그라피와 Reactive Ion Etching (RIE)를 이용한 건식 식각 공정을 통해 형성한 후 Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) 장비를 이용하여 선택적으로 에피를 성장하였다. 성장된 마이크로 피라미드 발광다이오드 구조는 n-GaN 피라미드 구조위에 양자우물 및 p-GaN을 성장함으로써 p-GaN/MQW/n-GaN 구조를 갖는다. 이렇게 생성된 피라미드 구조의 에피를 이용하여 발광다이오드를 제작한 후 그에 대한 전기적, 광학적 특성을 측정하였다. 2인치 웨이퍼의 중심을 원점 좌표인 (0,0)으로 설정하였을 때 2인치 웨이퍼에서 좌표에 해당하는 위치에서의 Photoluminescence (PL) 측정한 결과 일반적인 구조의 발광다이오드의 경우 첨두치가 441~451nm인데 반해 피라미드 구조의 발광다이오드의 경우 첨두치가 558nm~563nm 임을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통해 피라미드 구조 발광다이오드의 경우 일반적인 구조의 발광다이오드에 비해 인듐의 함유량을 증가시킬 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 선택 영역 박막 성장법을 이용하여 마이크로 피라미드 InGaN/GaN 양자 우물 구조 구현과 광 전기적 특성에 대해 더 자세히 논의 하도록 하겠다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.450-456
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• 2005

This study was performed to provide basic data that will predict the usefulness of buckwheat sprout as food materials. The quality characteristics of noodles prepared with buckwheat sprout powder were investigated The buckwheat sprout powder was added to the noodles in 0, 2, 4, 6, and $8\%$ in proportion to the weight of wheat flour, respectively. The added amounts of buckwheat sprout powder did not affect the volume of the noodles. The weight of noodles was decreased, whereas tumidity of the soup after cooking the noodles was increased with the increment of the amount of added buckwheat sprout powder. The color of powder mixture, wet noodles, and cooked noodles was changed by the addition of buckwheat sprout powder. Lightness(L) was decreased, whereas yellowness(b) and redness(a) increased as the amount of buckwheat sprout powder increased. In the texture analysis, hardness and chewiness of wet noodles were increased significantly by the addition of buckwheat sprout powder. Hardness, chewiness, and gumminess increased significantly in the cooked noodles with more than $6\%$ substitution of buckwheat sprout powder. Other textural properties did not show any significant changes. The results of sensory evaluation revealed that the overall preference of noodles with 2 to $4\%$ substitution of buckwheat sprout powder was better than other sample groups. Therefore, the appropriate amount of addition for the buckwheat sprout noodles was 2 to $4\%$ buckwheat sprout powder in proportion to the weight of wheat flour.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.100-121
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• 2017

이 논문은 다세포 녹색식물의 조상으로 생각되는 단세포인 수염녹두말속(Chlamydomonas) 녹조의 복잡한 유성생식 과정을 종합적으로 이해하기 위해서 기술되었다. 모델생물로 알려진 클래미도모나스 레인하르티(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)의 유성생식 생활사는 배우자발생, 배우자 활성화, 세포융합, 접합자 성숙, 감수분열과 발아 등의 다섯 시기로 구별된다. 배우자발생은 서식지에서 질소가 결핍되어 시작된다. 그 결과, 교배형 유전자자리($MT^+$ 또는 $MT^-$)에 의해 조절된 두 가지 교배형($mt^+$ 및 $mt^-$)의 배우자들이 발생된다. 유성생식을 위한 두 번째 자극원인 청색광이 교배능력을 갖고 있지 않는 예비배우자 세포에 조사되면 교배능력을 가진 배우자로 분화된다. 배우자발생의 초기에, 두 배우자 세포들은 응집소(agglutin) 분자들을 합성한다. 즉, $mt^+$ 응집소 및 $mt^-$ 응집소는 상염색체에 있는 성응집(SAG1) 및 성접착(SAD1) 유전자들이 발현되어 각각 합성된다. 응집소들에 의해서 두 배우자 세포들의 편모가 접착되면 cAMP가 신호전달 경로를 작동시켜서 편모의 끝 부부을 활성화시킨다. cAMP의 신호에 반응하여 두 배우자들의 세포벽이 벗겨지고 2개의 편모 사이에서 각각의 교배구조(mating structure)가 발달한다. 교배구조의 원형질막에는 $mt^+$ 및 $mt^-$ 배우자-특이 융합 단백질인 Fus1 및 Hap2/Gcs1이 있다. 이 단백질들의 상호작용으로 두 교배구조가 접촉되면, 두 배우자 사이에 세포질이 연결되어 수정세관(fertilization tubule)이 발달한다. $mt^+$ 및 $mt^-$ 배우자들의 핵과 엽록체가 융합되면 2배체의 접합자가 형성된다. 그 후 배우자들의 특성은 사라지며 융합단백질들(Fus1 및 Hap2)이 분해되고 접합자-특이(zygote-specific) 유전자들이 활성화 된다. 접합자는 24시간에 걸쳐 두꺼운 세포벽을 가진 접합포자(zygospore)로 발달한다. 어린 접합자에서 교배 후 60분 이내에 $mt^-$ 엽록체 DNA와 $mt^+$ 미토콘드리아 DNA가 선택적으로 제거된다. 따라서 이 두 소기관들은 각각 $mt^-$ 미토콘드리아 DNA와 $mt^+$ 엽록체 DNA만 남아서 단친유전(uniparental inheritance)이 이루어진다. 적당한 조건이 되면 접합포자가 감수분열과 발아 과정을 거쳐 반수체 영양세포가 방출되어 새로운 세대가 다시 시작된다.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.124-129
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• 2006

We have developed a compact and cost-effective camera module on the basis of wafer-scale-replica processing. A multiple-layered structure of several aspheric lenses in a mobile-phone camera module is first assembled by bonding multiple glass-wafers on which 2-dimensional replica arrays of identical aspheric lenses are UV-embossed, followed by dicing the stacked wafers and packaging them with image sensor chips. This wafer-scale processing leads to at least 95% yield in mass-production, and potentially to a very slim phone with camera-module less than 2 mm in thickness. We have demonstrated a VGA camera module fabricated by the wafer-scale-replica processing with various UV-curable polymers having refractive indices between 1.4 and 1.6, and with three different glass-wafers of which both surfaces are embossed as aspheric lenses having $230{\mu}m$ sag-height and aspheric-coefficients of lens polynomials up to tenth-order. We have found that precise compensation in material shrinkage of the polymer materials is one of the most technical challenges, in orderto achieve a higher resolution in wafer-scaled lenses for mobile-phone camera modules.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2012

This paper proposes a quasi Z-source DVR(Dynamic Voltage Restorer) system with a series connection of the output terminals, to compensate the voltage variations in the 6.6[kV]/60[Hz] power distribution system. The conventional DVR using one quasi Z-source AC-AC converter has the advantage which it can compensate the voltage variations without the need for the additional energy storage device such as a battery, but it is impossible to compensate for the 50[%] under voltage sags. To solve this problem, a DVR system using two quasi Z-source AC-AC converters with the series connection of the output terminals is proposed. By controlling the duty ratio D in the buck-boost mode, the proposed system can control the compensation voltage. For case verification of the proposed system, PSIM simulation is achieved. As a result, in case that the voltage sags-swells occur 10[%], 20[%], 60[%] in power distribution system, and, in case that the 50[%] under voltage sags-swells continuously occur, all case could compensate by the proposed system. Especially, the compensated voltage THD was examined under the condition of the 10[%]~50[%] voltage sags and the 20[${\Omega}$]~100[${\Omega}$] load changes. The compensated voltage THD was worse for the higher load resistances and more severe voltage sags. Finally, In case of the voltage swells compensation, the compensation factor has approached nearly 1 regardless of the load resistance changes, while the compensation factor of voltage sags was related to the load variations.