• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 1988

인산(燐酸) 축적지(畜積地) 토양(土壤) 149점(點)(시건설원예지(施設園藝地) 60점(點), 마늘, 양파, 고추 재배지(栽培地) 89점) 에 대한 무기태인산(無機態燐酸)의 형태별(形態別) 조성(造成)과 유효인산(有效燐酸) 함량(含量)과의 관계(關係)를 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 총(總) 인산(燐酸)에 대한 무기태인산(無機態燐酸)의 분포비(分布比)는 68.9%(Sa-p 2.7, Al-p 26.4, Fe-p 27.6, Ca-p 12.2), 유기태인산(有機態燐酸)은 6.7%, 유효인산(有效燐酸)은 26.0%이었따. 2. 유효인산함량(有效燐酸含量)과 무기태인산(無機態燐酸) 함량(含量)과의 상관관계(相關關係)에서 Al-p와는 0.1%에서 유의성(有意性)있는 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타내었으며, Sa-p, Ca-p 순으로 유의성(有意性)을 보였고 Fe-p와는 일정한 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타내지 않았다. 3. 유효인산함량(有效燐酸含量)과 무기태인산(無機態燐酸) 함량(含量)과의 다중회귀분석(多重回歸分析) 결과(結果) $Av.P=81.694+0.858Sa-p^{***}+0.648Al-p^{***}+0.091Ca-p^{**}(R=0.826^{***})$의 관계식(關係式)을 얻었으며, 각 성분(成分)의 기여도(奇與度)는 Sa-p 26.1, Al-p 65.2, Ca-p 8.7%이었다. 4. 유효인산함량(有效燐酸含量)과 수용성인산(水溶性燐酸), 수용성인산(水溶性燐酸)과 $0.01M-CaCl_2-p$와는 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性) 있는 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타내었고, $0.01M-CaCl_2$ 용액(溶液)에 의한 30분(分) 추출법(抽出法)은 토양용액(土壤溶液) 인산(燐酸)을 신속(迅速) 간편(簡便)하게 추정(推定)할 수 있는 방법(方法)으로 생각되었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.396-403
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• 2011

Ceramides (Cer) comprise the major constituent of sphingolipids in the epidermis and are known to play diverse roles in the outermost layers of the skin including water retention and provision of a physical barrier. In addition, they can be hydrolyzed into free sphingoid bases such as $C_{18}$ sphingosine (SO) and $C_{18}$ sphinganine (SA) or can be further metabolized to $C_{18}$ So-1-phosphate (S1P) and $C_{18}$ Sa-1-phosphate (Sa1P) in keratinocytes. The significance of ceramide metabolites emerged from studies reporting altered levels of SO and SA in skin disorders and the role of S1P and Sa1P as signaling lipids. However, the overall metabolism of sphingoid bases and their phosphates during keratinocyte differentiation remains not fully understood. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed these Cer metabolites in the process of keratinocyte differentiation. Three distinct keratinocyte differentiation stages were prepared using 0.07 mM calcium (Ca$^{2+}$) (proliferation stage), 1.2 mM Ca$^{2+}$ (early differentiation stage) in serum-free medium, or serum-containing medium with vitamin C (50 ${\mu}L$/mL) (late differentiation stage). Serum-containing medium was also used to determine whether vitamin C increases the concentrations of sphingoid bases and their phosphates. The production of sphingoid bases and their phosphates after hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared to cells treated with 0.07 mM Ca$^{2+}$, levels of SO, SA, S1P, and SA1P were not altered after treatment with 1.2 mM Ca$^{2+}$. However, in keratinocytes cultured in serum-containing medium with vitamin C, levels of SO, SA, S1P, and SA1P were dramatically higher than those in 0.07- and l.2-mM Ca$^{2+}$-treated cells; however, compared to serum-containing medium alone, vitamin C did not significantly enhance their production. Taken together, we demonstrate that late differentiation induced by vitamin C and serum was accompanied by dramatic increases in the concentration of sphingoid bases and their phosphates, although vitamin C alone had no effect on their production.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2010

Gender differences in the trace elements of monkey sino-atrial (SA) node were investigated in a process of age-dependent alterations. Sixty hearts from Japanese and rhesus monkeys (30 male and 30 female) used were aged ranging from 1-day- to 30-year-old. The elements were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Advancing age decreased all the trace elements. Ca, P, S and Mg significantly decreased. The correlation coefficients of Ca and P were $-0.178{\pm}0.081$ (p<0.05) and $-0.088{\pm}0.022$ (p<0.05) in male (n=30), and $-0.095{\pm}0.026$ (p<0.05) and $-0.069{\pm}0.017$ (p<0.05) in female (n=30), respectively. The age-dependent coefficients for Fe/Ca, Zn/Ca, Fe/P, Fe/S, Zn/S, Fe/Mg and Zn/Mg were exhibited markedly in male, but all was less in female. In gender-related differences, only a ratio of P/Ca (p<0.05) was significantly observed with ageing. The trace elements such as Cu, Se and Sn were less detected in the SA nodes. These results indicate that the age-dependent changes in the ratios of elements are appeared more rapidly in male monkey SA node, and the gender difference is observed in ratio of P/Ca. The different attenuations may be involved with the age- and gender-related SA nodal functions.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.973-980
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• 2000

냉풍건조 멸치의 품질가치를 검토하기 위하여 냉풍건조 멸치의 식품학적 품질 특성을 천일건조 멸치 및 열풍건조 멸치와 비교하여 살펴보았다. 냉풍건조 멸치의 경우 열풍건조 멸치나 천일건조 멸치 에 비하여 과산화물 값은 낮았고, 고도불포화지방산 잔존율은 높아 건조 중 지질산패가 가장 적게 진행되었다. 냉풍건조 멸치는 천일건조 멸치 및 열풍건조 멸치에 비하여 L값의 경우 높았고, a값 및 b값의 경우 낮아, 냉풍건조 멸치가 기타 건조법으로 제조한 멸치에 비하여 색상이 우수하다고 판단되었다 색도, 산패취 및 형상에 대한 관능검사 결과 냉풍건조 멸치가 기타 건조법으로 제조한 마른 멸치보다 품질이 우수하였다. 냉풍건조 멸치는 칼슘 및 인과 같은 무기질과 구성 아미노산 함량의 경우 천일건조 멸치 및 열풍건조에 비하여 차이 없이 풍부하면서, 고도불포화지방산의 조성비는 이들 멸치보다 오히려 약간 높아, 천일건조 멸치에 비하여 건강 기능적인 면에서 약간 우수하리라 판단되었다. 맛 및 엑스분 추출정도를 알 수 있는 열수 가용성 질소함량은 냉풍건조 멸치가 가장 많았고, 다음으로 천일건조 멸치, 열풍건조 멸치의 순이었다. 이상의 화학적(지질산패 정도, 맛 및 영양특성) 및 관능적(색도, 산패취, 형상등)검사로 미루어 냉풍건조 멸치가 기존의 천일건조 멸치 및 열풍건조 멸치에 비하여 우수하다고 판단되었다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.67-82
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was conducted to find out the effect of Yukmijiwhangtanggamibang (YM) on growth, learning and memory of rats. Methods : It was divided SD rats into Sham group, 192 Saporin injection(SA+Saline) group and Injection of 192 Saporin with YM(SA+YM) group. Growth measure length of bone and tail. Memory performance was used aquisition test and learning retention of morris water maze. It was detected acetylcholinesterase(AChE), cholineacetyltransferase(ChAT) at medial septum and hippocampus by immunohistochemistry Results : Body Weight of the SA+YM Group increased effectively, as compared with SA Saline group. Growth of bone in the SA+YM Group increased effectively, as compared with SA+Saline group. Growth of Tail in the SA+YM Group increased effectively, as compared with SA_Saline group. The SA+YM Group in Aquisition Test improved effectively, as compared with SA+Saline group. The SA+YM Group in Learning Test improved effectively, as compared with SA+Saline group. The numbers of ChAT cells in Medial septum increased effectively, as compared with SA+Saline group. The numbers of ChAT cells in CA1 of Hippocampus increased, but was not effective. Conclusion : These results suggest that YM has an improving effect on the impaired learning through the effects on memory registration and retrieval.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 2018

Increased intracellular levels of $Ca^{2+}$ are generally thought to negatively regulate lipolysis in mature adipocytes, whereas store-operated $Ca^{2+}$ entry was recently reported to facilitate lipolysis and attenuate lipotoxicity by inducing lipophagy. Transient receptor potential mucolipin1 (TRPML1), a $Ca^{2+}$-permeable non-selective cation channel, is mainly expressed on the lysosomal membrane and plays key roles in lysosomal homeostasis and membrane trafficking. However, the roles of TRPML1 in lipolysis remains unclear. In this study, we examined whether the channel function of TRPML1 induces lipolysis in mature adipocytes. We found that treatment of mature adipocytes with ML-SA1, a specific agonist of TRPML1, solely upregulated extracellular glycerol release, but not to the same extent as isoproterenol. In addition, knockdown of TRPML1 in mature adipocytes significantly reduced autophagic flux, regardless of ML-SA1 treatment. Our findings demonstrate that the channel function of TRPML1 partially contributes to lipid metabolism and autophagic membrane trafficking, suggesting that TRPML1, particularly the channel function of TRPML1, is as therapeutic target molecule for treating obesity.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.471-479
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• 2009

A Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron(NZVI) was modified to build a reactor system to treat nitrate. Shell layer of the NZVI was modified by slow exposure of the iron surface to air flow, which produced NZVI particles that are resistant to aerial oxidation. A XANES (X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure) analysis revealed that the shell consists of magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$) dominantly. The shell-modified NZVI(0.5 g NZVI/ 120 mL) was able to degrade more than 95% of 30 mg/L of nitrate within $30 hr^{-1}$ ( pseudo first-order rate constant($k_{SA}$) normalzed to NZVI surface area ($17.96m^2/g$) : $0.0050L{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$). Ammonia occupied about 90% of degradation products of nitrate. Nitrate degradation efficiencies increased with the increase of NZVI dose generally. Initial pH values of the reactor systems at 4, 7, and 10 did not affect nitrate removal rate and final pH values of all experiments were near 12. Nitrate removal experiments by using the shell-modified NZVI immobilized on a cellulose acetate (CA) membrane were also conducted. The nitrate removal efficiency of the CA membrane supported NZVI ($k_{SA}=0.0036L{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$) was less than that of the NZVI slurries($k_{SA}=0.0050L{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$), which is probably due to less surface area available for reduction and to kinetic retardation by nitrate transport through the CA membrane. The detachment of the NZVI from the CA membrane was minimal and impregnation of up to 1 g of NZVI onto 1 g of the CA membrane was found feasible.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2002

The sinoatrial (SA) node is a complex and inhomogeneous tissue in terms of cell morphology and electrical activity. There are two models of the cellular organisation of the sinoatrial node: the gradient and mosaic models. According to the gradient model there is a gradual transition in morphology and electrical properties of SA node cells from the centre to the periphery of the SA node. In the mosaic model, there is a variable mix of atrial and sinoatrial node cells from the centre to the periphery. This review focuses on the cellular organisation of the rabbit sinoatrial node in terms of the expression of connexin (Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45), L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel and $Na^+-Ca^{2+}$ exchanger proteins. These immunocytochemical data, together with morphological and electrophysiological data, obtained from the intact sinoatrial node and isolated sinoatrial node cells support the gradient model of the cellular organisation of the SA node. The complex organisation of the sinoatrial node is important for the normal functioning of the sinoatrial node: (i) it allows the sinoatrial node to drive the surrounding hyperpolarized atrial muscle without being suppressed by it; (ii) it helps the pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial node continue under a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological conditions; (iii) it helps protect the sinoatrial node from reentrant arrhythmias.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2003

Six isolates of Turnip mosaic Potyvirus (TuMV) namely, TuMV-CA7 from oriental cabbage, TuMV-TU and TuMV-TU2 from turnip, TuMV-RA from rape, TUMV-ST from stock, and TuMV-R9 from radish, and Ribgrass mosaic Tobamovirus (RMV-FG22) from oriental cabbage were isolated. Three kinds of characteristics of the six TuMV isolates were sorted by bioassay: TuMV-CA7 and TuMV-TU isolates infected mostly oriental cabbages; TuMV-ST, TuMV-TU2, and TuMV-R9 infected radishes; and TuMV-RA infected both oriental cabbages and radishes. Mixed infections of crucifers were RMV-FG22+TuMV-CA7, RMV-FG22+TuMV-TU, RMV-FG22+TuMV-RA, RMV-FG22+TuMV-ST, RMV-FG22 +TuMV-TU2 and RMV-FG22+TuMV-R9. Crops used were 'Tambok' cultivar resistant to TuMV, 'SSD63' susceptible inbred line of oriental cabbage, pure line of leaf mustard and 'Daeburyungyeorum' cultivar of radish. New specific ultrastructures of nonagon-like ring (NLR) and spiral aggregates (SA) by mixed infection with TuMV and RMV were formed in cells of crucifer plants. The NLR was made by a TuMV surrounded loosely by nine RMV particles, and the SA was formed spirally by full mixed of two virus particles. The SA had some NLR in its center, which was observed from cross sectioned SA. Host plants with specific ultrastructures expressed synergistic symptoms. Specific ultrastructures of NLR and SA were formed in combinations of RMV-FG22 and in TuMV-CA7, TuMV-TU, or TuMV-RA that could infect oriental cabbages. How-ever, no specific ultrastructures and mixing of the two virions in the same cell were observed in combinations of RMV-FG22, and TuMV-57, TuMV-TU2, or TuMV-R9 isolates haying virulence in radishes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.714-725
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• 2023

Background: Our previous investigation indicated that the preparation of Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) inhibited melanogenesis. It comprised salicylic acid (SA), protocatechuic acid (PA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA), vanillic acid (VA), and caffeic acid (CA). In this investigation, the regulatory effects of P. ginseng phenolic acid monomers on melanin production were assessed. Methods: In vitro and in vivo impact of phenolic acid monomers were assessed. Results: SA, PA, p-CA and VA inhibited tyrosinase (TYR) to reduce melanin production, whereas CA had the opposite effects. SA, PA, p-CA and VA significantly downregulated the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), cycle AMP (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), cycle AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) pathway, reducing mRNA and protein levels of TYR, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and TYRP2. Moreover, CA treatment enhanced the cAMP, PKA, and CREB pathways to promote MITF mRNA level and phosphorylation. It also alleviated MITF protein level in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells, comparable to untreated B16F10, increasing the expression of phosphorylation glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β), β-catenin, p-ERK/ERK, and p-p38/p38. Furthermore, the GSK3β inhibitor promoted p-GSK3β and p-MITF expression, as observed in CA-treated cells. Moreover, p38 and ERK inhibitors inhibited CA-stimulated p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK, and p-MITF increase, which had negative binding energies with MC1R, as depicted by molecular docking. Conclusion: P. ginseng roots' phenolic acid monomers can safely inhibit melanin production by bidirectionally regulating melanin synthase transcription. Furthermore, they reduced MITF expression via MC1R/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and enhanced MITF post-translational modification via Wnt/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.