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Wintering Population Change of the Cranes according to the Climatic Factors in Cheorwon, Korea: Effect of the Snow Cover Range and Period by Using MODIS Satellite Data (기후요인에 의한 철원지역 두루미류 월동개체수 변화 - MODIS 위성영상을 이용한 눈 덮임 범위와 지속기간의 영향 -)

  • Yoo, Seung-Hwa;Lee, Ki-Sup;Jung, Hwa-Young;Kim, Hwa-Jung;Hur, Wee-Haeng;Kim, Jin-Han;Park, Chong-Hwa
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.48 no.3
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    • pp.176-187
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    • 2015
  • In this study, we hypothesized that the size of wintering crane population would change due to the climate factors. We assumed that wintering population size would differ by climate values in January, which is the coldest period in year. Especially, White-naped cranes were able to choose wintering site between Cheorwon and other alternative place where snow coverage had low influence, differing from Red crowned cranes. For this reason, we predicted the population size of White-naped cranes would fluctuate according to the extent of snow coverage in Cheorwon. Therefore we used snow coverage data based on MODIS and climate data from KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) that are generally used. We analyzed the crane's population size in Cheorwon in January from 2002 to 2014. The temperature in the Cheorwon increased from 2002 to wintering period in 2007~ 2008 and went down, showing the lowest temperature in 2011~ 2012. With this phenomenon, warmth index showed the similar pattern with temperature. Amount of newly accumulated snow (the amount of snow that fallen from 0:01 am to 11:29 pm in a day) was low after 2002, but rapidly increased in 2010~ 2011 and 2011~ 2012. The area of snow coverage rapidly declined from 2002 to 2005~ 2006 but suddenly expanded in wintering period in 2009~ 2010 and 2010~ 2011. Wintering population size of the White-naped cranes decreased as snow coverage area increased in January and the highest correlation was found between them, compared to the other climatic factors. However, the number of individuals of Red crowned cranes had little relationship with general climate factors including snow cover range. Therefore it seems that population size of the Red crowned crane varied by factors related with habitat selection such as secure roosting site and area of foraging place, not by climatic factors. In multiple regression analysis, wintering population of White-naped cranes showed significant relationship with logarithmic value of snow cover range and its period. Therefore, it suggests that the population size of the White-naped crane was affected by snow cover range n wintering period and this was because it was hard for them to find out rice grains which are their main food items, buried in snow cover. The population size variation in White-naped cranes was caused by some individuals which left Cheorwon for Izumi where snow cover had little influence on them. The wintering population in Izumi and Cheorwon had negative correlation, implying they were mutually related.

Characteristics of Pollution Loading from Kyongan Stream Watershed by BASINS/SWAT. (BASINS/SWAT 모델을 이용한 경안천 유역의 오염부하 배출 특성)

  • Jang, Jae-Ho;Yoon, Chun-Gyeong;Jung, Kwang-Wook;Lee, Sae-Bom
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.200-211
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    • 2009
  • A mathematical modeling program called Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) developed by USDA was applied to Kyongan stream watershed. It was run under BASINS (Better Assessment Science for Integrating point and Non-point Sources) program, and the model was calibrated and validated using KTMDL monitoring data of 2004${\sim}$2008. The model efficiency of flow ranged from very good to fair in comparison between simulated and observed data and it was good in the water quality parameters like flow range. The model reliability and performance were within the expectation considering complexity of the watershed and pollutant sources. The results of pollutant loads estimation as yearly (2004${\sim}$2008), pollutant loadings from 2006 were higher than rest of year caused by high precipitation and flow. Average non-point source (NPS) pollution rates were 30.4%, 45.3%, 28.1% for SS, TN and TP respectably. The NPS pollutant loading for SS, TN and TP during the monsoon rainy season (June to September) was about 61.8${\sim}$88.7% of total NPS pollutant loading, and flow volume was also in a similar range. SS concentration depended on precipitation and pollution loading patterns, but TN and TP concentration was not necessarily high during the rainy season, and showed a decreasing trend with increasing water flow. SWAT based on BASINS was applied to the Kyongan stream watershed successfully without difficulty, and it was found that the model could be used conveniently to assess watershed characteristics and to estimate pollutant loading including point and non-point sources in watershed scale.

Changes of Phytoplankton Community with Inflow of Sea Water in Gyoungpo Lake; Comparison between 1998 and 2012 (해수 유입량 변동으로 인한 경포호 식물플랑크톤 군집의 변화; 1998년과 2012년도의 비교)

  • Lee, Eun Joo;Lee, Kyu Song
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.47 no.spc
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    • pp.48-56
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    • 2014
  • Weekly changes of water environments and phytoplankton community with the salinity gradients were investigated at Gyoungpo Lake from April to November in 1998 and 2012. Underwater crossam in Gyoungpo Lake was removed in 2004. Thereafter, average salinity of Gyoungpo lake increased from 7.5 ppt in 1998 to 20 ppt in 2012. A total of 99 and 80 species of phytoplankton was observed from the sampled in 1998 and 2012, respectively. The number of common species during the 2 separate years was 40. Transparency, SS, $NO_3-N$ concentration and N/P ratio in 2012 were lower than those in 1998. During the period of water shortage (April, May) of 2012 transparency decreased due to decreased salinity and increased SS and Chl. a. Correlation coefficients between species and community scores of DCA ordination based on data matrix of the phytoplankton revealed larger variation among sampling seasons in 1998 than in 2012. The increase of seawater influx and conversion rates following the removal of the underwater crossbeam might explain such a differential variation. Gymnodium sp., Peridinium sp., Prorocentrum sp., Nitzschia longissima, Schroederia setigera, Lyngbya sp., Asterococcus limneticus, Asterococcus superbus and Cyclotella meneghiniana were found to well adapt at the high salinities in 2012. Comparatively, Asterrionella formosa, Nitzschia frustulum, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Scenedesmus bijuga and Scenedesmus ellipsoideus were observed at lower salinities in 1998. Two quite contrasting phytoplankton communities were found in the two seasons of a year, spring with limited precipitation and summer, the flood season.

A Study on Physical Properties About Velvet Antler of the Elk(Cerus canadensis) (엘크 녹용의 물성 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Sung, S.H.;Han, J.H.;Kim, Y.M.;Kim, B.K.
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.201-210
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    • 2007
  • In this study, physical properties of Elk antler was investigated to develop the optimum drying and packaging methods for improving the antler quality as well as deal with diversify of demand. After the antler was sliced with 5 mm thickness, and the compressive, shear, and tensile stresses were measured at the center and velvet parts of pre-dried and dried antlers after the contained water rate of the dried antlers was maintained below 10%. The results are as follows. 1. Considering the center of pre-dried antlers, the compressive stresses were $60.73\;g/mm^2$, $145.65\;g/mm^2$, and $260.97\;g/mm^2$, respectively at the upper, middle, and lower parts while $70.67\;g/mm^2$, $811.90\;g/mm^2$, $3,235.52\;g/mm^2$, respectively for velvet layer. Considering the center of dried antlers, the compressive stresses were $190.43\;g/mm^2$, $445.81\;g/mm^2$, and $705.86\;g/mm^2$, respectively at the upper, middle, and lower parts while $734.01\;g/mm^2$, $1,238.40\;g/mm^2$, $4,134.03\;g/mm^2$, respectively for velvet layer. 2. For the pre-dried, the shear stresses were $50.24\;g/mm^2$, $294.44\;g/mm^2$, and $423.47\;g/mm^2$, respectively, and $124.14\;g/mm^2$, $367.69\;g/mm^2$, and $425.86\;g/mm^2$, respectively for the dried antlers. 3. The tensile stresses were $13.59\;g/mm^2$, $62.85\;g/mm^2$, and $112.07\;g/mm^2$, respectively for the pre-dried and $77.24\;g/mm^2$, $175.87\;g/mm^2$, and $184.06\;g/mm^2$, respectively for the dried antlers. 4. In the case of drying antlers, the physical characteristics of the antlers was. changed such as moisture evaporation, contraction, and surface hardening. For the center part, the changes of the physical characteristics were more significant at the lower part while at the upper part for the velvet layer. 5. The stress changes of Elk antlers was shown very remarkably according to growth point. Moreover, the stress was clearly higher at velvet layer part to the center part, base parts compared to the upper parts.

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The Allelopathic Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Hypochaeris radicata L. on forage Crops (서양금혼초(Hypochaeris radicata L.)의 수용추출물이 사료작물에 미치는 allelopathy 효과)

  • Kim Og-Yim;Park Sun-Ill;Jung Ill-Min;Ha Sang-Young
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.15 no.6 s.73
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    • pp.871-878
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    • 2005
  • This experiment was performed to examine the allelopathy effect of allelochemical substance on the crop plants. According to the experiment of the allelochemical substances in Hypochaeris radicata by HPLC, there are the differences at each part of plants. However, it is ascertained that there are 14 kinds of phenolic compounds ingredients that are $\rho$-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, $\rho$-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, naringin, hesperidin, myricetin, trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin and naringenin. The chemicals like caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and naringenin are commonly included. The result of the chemical experiment shows that there are the differences at each season and part of plants. The leaves in May and blossoms and roots in July contain lots of phenolic acids. It is very high contents such as salicylic acid 2085.6 ${\mu}g/g$ and quercetin 1522.0 ${\mu}g/g$, especially in roots of plants. The result on the growth of crop plants treated by the aqueous extract of Hypochaeris radicata shows that the value of the control group and the test group are same in some cases. However, because the treat value of test group is towel'than that of control group in all items of the experiment, it is cofirmed that the growth of crop plants was inhibited and that the inhibitory effect was increased as its density of treatment was increased. The result of change in quantity shows that there are the differences at each kind of crop plants, but the inhibitory effect was increased as its concentration of treatment was increase with entire. As results, it is confirmed that H. radicata has the allelopathy effect to the crop plants. Especially the inhibitory effect on growth is high in gramineous crop, italian ryegrass and leguminous crop. purple alfalfa.

Transcriptional Activation and Repression of Cell Cycle Regulatory Molecules by Trichostatin A (Trichostatin A 처리에 의하 세포주기 조절인자들의 전사활성화 및 불활성화)

  • Baek Jong-Soo;Lee Hee-Kyung;Cho Young-Su;Kim Sung-Young;Park Kwan-Kyu;Chang Young-Chae
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.15 no.6 s.73
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    • pp.994-1004
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    • 2005
  • The dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) promoter contains cis-acting element for the transcription factors Spl and E2F. Transcription of dhfr gene shows maximal activity during the Gl/S phase of cell cycle. The member of the Spl transcriptional factor family can act as both negative and positive regulators of gene expression. There was a report that Spl-Rb and E2F4-pl30 complexes cooperate to establish stable repression of dhfr gene expression in CHOC400 cells. Here, we examined the role of HDAC in dhfr, cyclin E, and cyclin A gene regulation using the histone deacetylation inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA) in U2OS and C33A cells, a Rb-positive human osteosarcoma cell line, and a Rb-negative cervical carcinoma cell line, respectively. When the dhfr promoter constructs were applied in U2OS cells, TSA markedly stimulated over 14-fold of dhfr promoter activity through dhfr-Spl sites by the deletion of an E2F element. In contrast, the deletion of dhfr-Spl binding sites completely abolished promoter stimulation by TSA. The dhfr promoter activity including dhfr-Spl sites increased only 2-fold in C33A cells. Promoter activity containing only dhfr-E2F site did not have much effect by the treatment of TSA in both U2OS and C33A cells. On the other hand, treatment with TSA induced significantly mRNA expression of dhfr and cyclin E, whereas levels of cyclin A decreased in U2OS cells, but had no effect in C33A cells. These results indicate that TSA have contradictory effect, activation of dhfr and cyclin E genes on Gl phase, and down-regulation of cyclin A on G2 phase through transcriptional regulation in U2OS cells.

Effects of Boron Application on the Forage Traits in the Pure and Mixed Cultures of Orchardgrass and White Clover. III. Changes in the contents and yields of N-compounds(crude/pure protein and soluble N-compounds) in forages (Orchardgrass 및 White Clover의 단파 및 혼파재배에서 붕소의 시용이 목초의 여러 특성에 미치는 영향. III. 목초 중 질소화합물(조/순단백질 및 수용성 질소화합물)의 함량 및 수량 변화)

  • 정연규
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.169-178
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    • 2003
  • This pot experiment was conducted to find out the effects of boron application($B_{0}$ ; control, $B_1$; 0.2, $B_2$; 2.0, B$_3$; 6.0, $B_4$; 15.0 boron me/pot) on the forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. The third part was concerned with the changes in the contents and yields of nitrogen compounds(crude/pure protein and soluble N-compound) in forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. With no additional fertilization, especially nitrogen, in a pure culture, the $B_{0}$ and $B_4$ treatments on white clover decreased the amount of crude/pure protein, and showed nitrogen deficiency symptoms. However, the optimum boron application($B_2$) positively resulted in the increase of crude and pure protein, especially pure protein, and the content ratio of pure protein/soluble N-compounds. With additional fertilization, especially nitrogen, differences were not found among the boron treatments($B_{0}$, $B_2$, and $B_4$). 2. Owing to the decline of white clover as affected by the additional fertilization, especially nitrogen, in the grass-clover mixed cultures, the effects of B-application on these contents of white clover were different and relatively low, compared with the pure cultures. But the positive effect of $B_2$ treatment tended to be similar to the pure cultures. Also, it was recognized that the $B_2$ treatment resulted in the increase of their contents in orchardgrass, however, the effect was relatively minor compared with that of white clover. 3. The optimum B application(B$_2$) on white clover influenced relatively better on the yields of crude and pure protein than on the dry matter yields, especially with no additional fertilization. The effects of boron application on the contents and yields of crude and pure protein were different according to the forage species, whether it was a pure or mixed culture, and additional fertilization.

Studies on Reserved Carbohydrates and Net Energy Latation ( NEL ) in Corn and Sorghum III. Weender components and net enery lactation (옥수수 및 Sorghum에 있어서 탄수화물과 NEL 축적에 관한 연구. III. Weender 성분 및 Net Energy Lactation)

  • ;G. Voigtlaender
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.180-186
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    • 1985
  • Field and phytotron experiments were conducted to determine the effect of morphological growth stage and environmental temperature on Weender components and net energy lactation (NEL) in corn cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Pioneer 931 and Sioux at Munich Technical University from 1978 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum were grown for 42 days at 4 temperature regimes (30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C) and mid-summer sunlight over 13 hour days. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumulation of crude protein in maize and sorghum plants was associated with leaf weight ratio and leaf area ratio ($P{\leq}0.1%$). Crude protein in the plants were shown to have a greate synthesis rates at early growth stages. The highest concentration of crude protein were found at 3-leaf stage with 31.4% and 33.9% for maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. Synthesis of crude fiber was increased after growing point differentiation markedly and were shown the highest concentration at heading stage with 28.4% and 31.5% for maize and sorghum, respectively. During the maturities, the crude fiber contents in maize were, however decreased and shown a value of 19.5% at physiological maturity, while that of sorghum were increased continuously. 3. NEL value in maize and sorghum plants were declined as morphological development and shown the lowest at growing point differentiation with 5.82 MJ (maize) and 5.46 MJ/kg (sorghum). During the late maturity, the NEL value of maize were increased markedly and shown a value of 6.70 MJ and 6.94 MJ/kg for milkstage and maturity stage, respectively, while NEL value in sorghum were not increased markedly. 4. Net energy lactation in maize and sorghum plants were associated with synthesis rate of non-structural carbohydrates, especially mono- and disaccharose while cell-wall constituents and crude fiber lowerd NEL contents ($P{\leq}0.1%$). 5. NEL accumulation and starch value were decreased under temperature. The NEL concentration of 4-leaf sorghum under different environmental temperatures of 30/25, 25/20, and 18/8 degree C were 4.87 MJ, 5.46 MJ and 5.81 MJ/kg, respectively.

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Effects of Fermented feed with Agricultural by-products on the Growth Performance and Nutrients Utilization in Fattening Korean Black Goats (농산부산물 발효사료 급여가 비육흑염소의 생산성 및 영양소 이용율에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Sun-Ho;HwangBo, Soon;Kim, Sang-Woo;Cho, Young-Moo;Yoo, Yeoung-Hee;Kim, Tae-Il;Kim, Maeong-Joung;Lee, Sang-Min;Choi, Chang-Weon;Seo, Byeong-Bu;Jo, Ik-Hwan;Hong, Seonng-Gu
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.49-58
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to investigate the feeding fermented agro-industrial by-products on estimating the productivity and nutrient utilization of fattening black goats. Four experimental groups were set up with each of 6 animals for a 30 days feeding trial on growth performance and 12 black goats on nutrient digestibility were allocated to 4 groups of 3 animals each by latin-square design, control (offered concentrate and rice straw) and 3 treatment groups (offered fermentation feed and rice straw). Average daily gain (ADG) showed a significant high in control group, T3 was lower than other groups (p<0.05). DM and OM intake (kg/head) were 718.8, 680.9 g and 634.2~699.2 g, 602.8~660.4 g for control and treatment groups, respectively. As increasing of rice bran content was decreased feed intake. Digestibility of DM and OM for control group were significantly higher than treatment groups (p<0.05), and T3 treatment group with 30% rice bran was the lowest among treatment groups. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher in control and T1 groups. Thus, these results showed that productivity and nutrient utilization were similar between fermentation feeds with agricultural by-products and commercial feeds. However, this study was suggested that it must contain less than 5.0% crude fat because of feed efficient was decreased by increasing of rice bran content.

Effect of Addition of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Chlorella on Nutritive Values and Quality of Italian Ryegrass-Hairy Vetch Silage (젖산균과 클로렐라 첨가가 이탈리안라이그라스-헤어리베치 사일리지의 사료가치 및 품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Ki Choon;Arasu, M. Valan;Ilavenil, S.;Park, Hyung Su;Jung, Min Woong;Kime, Ji Hye;Jung, Jeong Sung;Hwangbo, Soon;Kim, Won Ho;Lim, Young Chul
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.39-44
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    • 2014
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and chlorella on the change of nutritive value, quality and microbes regarding the mixture silage of Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch (IRG-HV silage). The content of crude protein of IRG-HV silage in only the LAB treatment was not different as compared to the control. However, the content of crude protein significantly increased in the treatment of LAB with chlorella, compared to both the control and LAB treatments (p<0.05). Acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, total digestible nutrient and in vitro dry matter digestibility of IRG-Alfalfa silage were not significantly different in all treatments. Further, the pH of IRG-HV silage in only the LAB treatment was not different as compared to control, but decreased in both LAB and chlorella treatments (p<0.05). The content of lactic acid in the LAB treatment increased as compared to the control, and also significantly increased in the LAB treatment with chlorella (p<0.05). In addition, the number of LAB in LAB treatment increased as compared to the control, and significantly also increased in the LAB treatment with chlorella (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that IRG-HV silage improved with addition of both LAB and chlorella.