• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a 3 tone plaque disclosing gel in assessing the risk of caries related to the population of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus spp. quantified using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 15 healthy children of ages 9 - 12 years were randomly examined. The 3 tone plaque disclosing gel was applied on teeth surfaces, which changed the color to pink or red, blue or purple and light blue. Plaque was divided into 3 groups based on staining. Genomic DNA from each sample was subjected to a qRT-PCR assay for quantitative detection of target bacteria. The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted for correlation between the color of plaque and the number of bacterial species. The levels of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus spp. were significantly different in the plaque samples of the 3 groups (p < 0.05). The proportion of S. sobrinus to S. mutans showed correlation to the color of plaque. The different color-dyed plaque was related to the number of acidogenic bacteria. The 3 tone plaque disclosing gel could be used as one of the indicators to assess the clinical risk of caries associated with the population of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus spp.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.490-496
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• 2006

This study aimed to evaluate in vitro effects of Rheum undulatum L. root on the development of dental caries, especially its effects on viability, dental plaque formation, and glycolytic acid production of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Methanol extract of Rheum undulatum L. root and its fractions were prepared and tested. Among the test extract and fractions, dichloromethane fraction (DF) showed the most active antibacterial activity (inhibition zone: 13-17 mm) against S. mutans and S. sobrinus in a disc diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of DF against these bacteria ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, DF significantly inhibited the caries-inducing factors of these bacteria. At sub-MIC levels, DF inhibited in vitro dental plaque formation by S. mutans and S. sobrinus ($IC_{50}$= 0.079 and 0.142 mg/mL, respectively), which was caused, in part, by the inhibitory effect on the activity of glucosyltransferases. A significant reduction of glycolytic acid production was found at the concentration as low as 0.032 mg/mL for S. mutans and 0.063 mg/mL for S. sobrinus. The possible bioactive compounds that are inducing in vitro anti-cariogenic activity of DF are unknown. Based on the preliminary phytochemical analysis, the activity of DF may be related to the presence of anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarines, sterols/terpenes, and phenolics. These results indicate that DF is probably useful for the control of dental plaque formation and subsequent dental caries development.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.128-138
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• 2020

A faunistic list and distribution of aquatic beetles were given with two newly records, Copelatus parallelus Zimmermann, 1920 (family Dytiscidae) and Scirtes sobrinus Lewis, 1895 (family Scirtidae) from Nohwa and Bogil islands in South Korea. As a result, a total of 30 species belonging to 24 genera and eight families were recognized: 12 Dytiscidae species, eight Hydrophilidae species, three Haliplidae species, two Scirtidae species, two Gyrinidae species, one Noteridae species, one Elmidae species, and one Psephenidae species. Composition and habitus photographs of all collected aquatic beetles, habitats, and the diagnostic characters of C. parallelus and S. sobrinus are provided.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.306-312
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• 2016

Gargle solution has typically been used for the prevention of oral infectious disease such as dental caries and periodontitis. However, the use of most gargle solutions is controversial in application for children because some gargle solutions have harmful side effects. Electrolyzed water is generated by passed an electric current and has antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the efficacy of electrolyzed water in various conditions for eliminating cariogenic bacteria. Electrolyzed water was generated by a platinum electrode in the presence of sodium chloride at various concentrations. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were cultivated into a brain heart infusion broth. After harvesting planktonic bacteria, the pellets were treated with the electrolyzed water and commercial gargle solutions and plated on a mitis-salivarius agar plate. Also, the anti-biofilm activity of the electrolyzed water and commercial gargle solutions was investigated after biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The bacteria in the biofilm were plated onto a mitis-salivarius agar plate. The plates were incubated, and the colony forming unit was measured. The electrolyzed water containing sodium chloride showed significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus as well as some gargle solutions. Furthermore, the electrolyzed water had more disruptive effect on the biofilm of S. mutans and S. sobrinus and killed more bacteria in the biofilm than commercial gargle solutions. The results demonstrate that electrolyzed water may be a useful gargle solution for prevention of dental caries.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.146-152
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• 1999

Acceplor reaction of glucosyltr~ansferase of Streptococcus ,SO~~-~IZLIS with f ~ ~ t o ~ y l o l i g o ~ a ~ ~ h a r i d e ~ was studied for the biosynthesis of novel olgisaccharides. First, bacilracin resistant mutants were selected by mutagenesis of Streptococcus sobrimis ATCC27351. Among these mutants 4 strains were selected by resistance to bacitracin and increase of glucosyltransferase. Acceptor reaction of maltose was analyzed by TLC and image analysis. There were differences in the specificity of the acceptor reaclion by Ule glucosylumsferase between mother strain (Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC2735) and bacitracin resistant mutants (Streptococcus sobrinus BR24C, Strepfococcus sobrinus CH-5). Molher strain did ilot show an acceptor reaction with fructosyloligosaccharides such as 1-keqtose and nystose. Acceptor reaction products of turailose and 1-kestose with glucosyltransferase (GW-S) of Streptococcus sobrini~s BR24C were TEX>\6^{3}$-$\alpha$-D-glucopyranosyl \3^{2}$-O-$\alpha$-D-fructose (glucose-fructose-glucose) and \6^{4}$-$\alpha$-D-glucopyranosyl \1^{3}$-$\beta$-D-~-h~ctofuranos~~ sucrose (glucose-glucosefructose- fructose). respectively These are novel oligosaccharides which can be produced only by enzymatic reaction.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.197-200
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• 2007

This study was carried out to assess anticariogenic activity from natural products. The hexane extracts of 11 medicinal plants were tested for the antimicrobial activities against a cariogenic bacterium, S. sobrinus B13. The hexane extracts of 11 medicinal plants such as Alisma orientale, Cyperus rotundus, Saussurea lappa, Atractylodes japonica, Kalopanax pictus, Angelica gigas, Salvia miltorrhiza, Lonicera japonica, Gardenia jasmoides, Aurantii nobilis percarpium and Bupleurum lorgiradiatum were used for this study, and S. sobrinus B13 was cultured with 0.5% extracts of the medicinal plants, in trypticase soy broth medium under 5% $CO_2$ for 0, 6, 12, 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. The obtained results were as follows. Immediately after culturing for inoculation, Kalopanax pictus and Cyperus rotundus showed better antimicrobial activities than those of others. After culturing for 6 hours, the order of effective antimicrobial activity was Salvia miltorrhiza, Angelica gigas. After incubation for 12 hours, Salvia miltorrhiza showed the best antimicrobial activity. After incubation for 24 hours Salvia miltorrhiza, Cyperus rotundus, Saussurea lappa, Atractylodes japonica had better antimicrobial activity than others. In conclusion, among Hexane extracts of 11 medicinal plants, Cyperus rotundus, Saussurea lappa, Atractylodes japonica showed effective antimicrobial activity.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.288-295
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the synergistic antibacterial effect of xylitol and ursolic acid (UA) against oral biofilms in vitro. Materials and Methods: S. mutans UA 159 (wild type), S. mutans KCOM 1207, KCOM 1128 and S. sobrinus ATCC 33478 were used. The susceptibility of S. mutans to UA and xylitol was evaluated using a broth microdilution method. Based on the results, combined susceptibility was evaluated using optimal inhibitory combinations (OIC), optimal bactericidal combinations (OBC), and fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC). The anti-biofilm activity of xylitol and UA on Streptococcus spp. was evaluated by growing cells in 24-well polystyrene microtiter plates for the biofilm assay. Significant mean differences among experimental groups were determined by Fisher's Least Significant Difference (p < 0.05). Results: The synergistic interactions between xylitol and UA were observed against all tested strains, showing the FICs < 1. The combined treatment of xylitol and UA inhibited the biofilm formation significantly and also prevented pH decline to critical value of 5.5 effectively. The biofilm disassembly was substantially influenced by different age of biofilm when exposed to the combined treatment of xylitol and UA. Comparing to the single strain, relatively higher concentration of xylitol and UA was needed for inhibiting and disassembling biofilm formed by a mixed culture of S. mutans 159 and S. sobrinus 33478. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that xylitol and UA, synergistic inhibitors, can be a potential agent for enhancing the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacy against S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the oral environment.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2007

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the dental caries activity of some commercial drinks. Methods : Acidity levels were recorded as pH values of original drinks and amount of 50%-sodium hydroxide(NaOH) required to neutralize by titration 50.00ml of the drink(It was called titratable acid). Acidity of the drinks with S. sobrinus was measured at an interval of one hour after incubating ($37^{\circ}C$) the test drinks and control solution which was composed 20.00ml of neutralized drinks as pH 7.0 with 0.2ml of a pooled suspension of S. sobrinus. Results : The drink with the highest pH value was the Cow's milk(pH $6.70{\pm}0.01$), and the most acidic was the Carbonated drink(pH $2.40{\pm}0.02$). The drink with the highest buffer effect was the Fruit juice($139.78{\pm}0.76$), and the lowest was the Glucose solution(control, $4.42{\pm}0.20$). The drinks with S. sobrinus during incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24h were decreased to below critical pH 5.5. Spending times from pH 7.0 to pH 5.5~5.0 were Glucose solution(less than 1h). Carbonated drink(3h), Fruit juice(5h), Cow's milk(8h) and Mixed drink(21h). Conclusions: These results show that some commercial drinks with S. sorbrinus have the possibility of tooth decalcification. Thus, it is suggested that the people who have the low salivary secretion rate and the children who sleep without toothbrushing after drinking need the instruction for diet control and oral health education.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of resin composite monomers (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, EGDMA, UDMA, HEMA, Camphorquinone) on the growth of the two cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. We obtained the following results : 1. The growth rate of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was decreased significantly in the group of all composite resin monomer at a concentration of 0.03mmo1/L(P<0.01). 2. The growth rate of S. mutars in the group of UDMA at a concentration of 0.01 mmol/L and the group of CQ at a concentration of 0.005 mmol/L, 0.01 mmol/L was decreased significantly compared to the control group(P<0.01). 3. The growth rate of S. sobrinus in the group of HEMA, UDMA at a concentration of 0.01 mmol/L and the group of CQ at a concentration of 0.005mmol/L. 0.01mmo1/L was decreased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.01). 4. The growth rate of S. sobrinus in the group of EGDMA at a concentration of 0.001, 0.01, 0.03mmo1/L was decreased significantly compared to the control group(P<0.01) and were showed to be statistically significant difference between experimental groups(P<0.01).

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.123-127
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• 2018

Polyphenon 60 refers to the mixture of catechins present in green tea. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activities of polyphenon 60 against 4 strains of Streptococcus mutans and 2 strains of Streptococcus sorbrinus, which are the major causative bacteria of dental caries. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of polyphenon 60 for S. mutans and S. sobrinus were determined and the effect of biofilm formation inhibition of that was evaluated. The MBC value of polyphenon 60 against the bacterial strains was 2.5 mg/ml except for one particular strain, S. mutans KCOM 1128 for which the value was 1.25 mg/ml. The results of biofilm formation inhibition assay revealed that polyphenon 60 inhibited biofilm formation more than 90% at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. It was apparent that polyphenon exhibited biofilm formation inhibition activity along with bactericidal effect against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Therefore, it is proposed that polyphenon 60 as one of the components of bactericidal agents could be useful in developing oral hygiene products, toothpaste or gargling solution.