• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.spc
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• pp.66-73
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• 2014

In order to determine whether vegetation would be one of the factors for the selection of otter home range, vegetation structure and other potential factors were studied in Hwacheon, Korea. Thirteen sites, otter's activity found and not found, were investigated in North Han River and connected tributary streams of Hwacheon-gun. Three types of vegetation were classified by cluster analysis, which is short grass, tall grass and shrub type. Vegetation zone of each channel is composed of either one type, or mosaic of tall grass and shrub type. Short grass type is common in Lake Paro and upper North Han-river where water level is highly variable throughout a year. Therefore, annual species such as Persicaria nodosa, Fimbristylis dichotomam and Chenopodium ficifolium are the most dominant. Shrub type is common at the downstream sites of Jichon stream and along mainstream of North Han River down Lake Paro. A shrub species, Salix koreensis, is the most common. Tall grass type is dominant occupying the most vegetation zone of the tributary channels. Phragmites japonica is absolutely dominant. Due to its dense cover, a few plant species are co-existed. Otter activity was found in all three vegetation types and no marked activity was found at some sites of tall grass type. There is no difference in species composition and physiognomy between tall grass sites with and without otter activity, while it shows significant difference in fish availability between two groups. Overall we found that home range of otters in the region is along the mainstream and downstream of tributary streams with high fish availability in all vegetation types and in various human activity levels.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of MRS-C (0.05% L-cystein; pH 5) and BHI-CM (0.05% L-cystein, 0.5% mucin) agars for the selective isolation of bifidobacteria in fecal samples compared to blood-liver-NPNL (BL-NPNL) agar. Over 200 isolated colonies were characterized morphologically and biochemically. Genomic DNA was extracted from pure cultures of the isolated strains, followed by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Bifidobacterium longum and B. animalis were selectively isolated from MRS-C agar and Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus avium were also isolated. B. longum, B. faecale, and B. animalis were isolated from feces on BHI-CM agar; however, different Bacteroides strains (including Bac. fragilis, Bac. kiribbi, Bac. ovatus, Bac. koreensis, and Bac. salyersiae) were also detected. BL-NPNL agar successfully isolated B. longum and Bacillus, while other Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides species could not grow owing to the presence of antibiotics in the medium. The use of antibiotics in a medium can enhance the selectivity; however, antibiotics may inhibit the growth of certain bacteria in a sample. Hence, adjusting pH or adding non-antibiotic nutrients to the medium is more advantageous, than relying on antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.314-325
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• 2014

We studied fish fauna at 10 study sites in Ungcheon stream for 4 times from April to October, 2011 to investigate the influence of artificial structures such as dam (with fish-way) and weir (without fish-way), and abandoned mine on fish community. A total of 12 families, 36 species of fishes were collected. Dominant species was Zacco platypus (23.4%) and subdominant species was Zacco koreanus (20.5%). Ten species (27.8%) of Korean endemic species and Micropterus salmoides, exotic species, were observed during the study period. Endangered species of Korea such as Pseudopungtungia nigra and Liobagrus obesus, and Korean endemic species, Coreoperca herzi, which are vulnurable for water quality and had been observed in previous study, were not identified in this study. According to the cluster analysis, Ungcheon stream were divided into three groups consisting upstream (St.1, St.2, St.3), midstream (St.4, St.5, St.6, St.7), downstream (St.8, St.9, St.10). Community structure similarity between upper and lower site of Boryeong dam with fish-way (St.6-St.7) was high, whereas that of weir, lack of fish-way (St.7-St.8) showed little similarity indicating that fish-way was required. According to the canonical correlation analysis, high level of conductivity and salinity at upstream was detected and Misgurnus mizolepis, and endemic species of Korea such as Silurus microdorsalis, Coreoleuciscus splendidus and Iksookimia koreensis were observed at this part of the stream. Since Korean endemic species, Squalidus gracilis majimae cohabit with exotic species, M. Salmoides at downstream whose width is wide and water velocity is low, protection was needed for these endemic species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 2013

A purpose of this study, after identifying the status and type of changes derived elements that make up the Seowon(書院); landscape space and the space of the during the recent World Heritage, focusing promote the newly introduced trees listed in the important value, authenticity and integrity aspects The results can be summarized as follows. The results can be summarized as follows. Appeared trees in various old documents are 10 species; Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Prunus mume(Siebold) Siebold & Zucc., Salix koreensis Andersson. The planting space shows regularity of some degree depends on the status of the species, essentially 3 types of Juniperus chinensis L., Lagerstroemia indica L., Phyllostachys nigra(Lodd.) Munro are primarily located in inside of seowon(書院), Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino., Salix koreensis Andersson is in out side of seowon(書院). 5 types of location space to species such as Juniperus chinensis L., Ginkgo biloba L. species are the most frequently appear and it can be national representative trees. Plants which have limited vitality is a factor to prove a history of seowon(書院), it is accord with authenticity aspects that it gives meaning of symbolic to canonized figure's preference Maintenance work carried out over the years has damaged to origin of tree and thoughtlessly planted without having to go through a thorough historical research has resulted in weakening the presence of the essential space. It should preserve to features originally it have is figure reflect the viewpoint of the transformed current private to reveal the history of the various places. In conclusion, this research continues to study at the spatial dimension like a building in limited to panted, and also determine the intrinsic value of the overall spatial configuration.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.117-131
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• 2000

The flora and vegetaion of the high moor in Mt. Daeam($128^{\circ}07^{\prime}E$, $38^{\circ}13^{\prime}N$) was investigated by the phytosociological method of Braun-Blanquet's from 13 - 14th June to 7 - 8th August, 1998. The flora of plants recorded in high moor was 191 taxa belonging to 53 families, 131 genera, 160 species, 30 varieties, 1 formas. The high moor vegetation of Sanguisorba tenuifolia var. alba community group in this survey trip was classified into 11 communities as follows : Carex dispalata community and Sphagnum palustre community at the interior of moor, Carex biwensis community and Juncus papillosus community at the regenerated area and Malinia japonica community, Spiraea salicifolia community, Geranium eriosteman var. megalanthum - Calamagrostis langsdorffii community, Juncus effusus var. decipiens community, Salix koreensis community, Caltha palustris var. membranacea community and Sparganium stoloniferum community at the margin of moor. As a result of this study, the change of plant communities on high moor was closely influenced by landization in relation to the disturbance of human since 1969.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2014

Various ecosystem carry out fundamental function of material circulation and energy flow through interrelationship with many environmental factors. Therefore, it is crucial to scientifically understand the value of nature to deduce correlation between environmental factor and change of ecosystem function. In this study, we determined the accumulated ecosystem carbon and characteristics of soil respiration on grassland vegetation in Namahangang basin in Namhangang Basin. It was found that the rate of soil respiration was highly correlated with the soil temperature in all communities. The measured soil respiration rates were $1,539mgCO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, $1,200mgCO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, $1,215mgCO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ in Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Phragmites japonica, Salix koreensis communities, respectively. Also, carbon quantities accumulated in litter and soil layers were $40.6tCha^{-1}$ (1.9+38.7), $46.9tCha^{-1}$ (43.0+3.9), $31.2tCha^{-1}$ (28.9+2.3) in M. sacchariflorus, P. japonica, S. koreensis communities, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.289-296
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• 2001

Community structure of the Salix and physico-chemical properties of sediment were studied from July to September, 2000 in Nam-River watershed for the purpose of inquiring niche breadth, niche overlap and the environmental factors affecting the distribution of Salix species. Among eleven Salix species, the dominant species was Salix koreensis, while the rests were such order as S. nipponica, S. gracilistyla and S. glandulosa by the relative abundance based on the basal area. Mean values and the ranges of sediment properties such as pH, conductivity, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, clay, silt and sand were 5.3∼6.3, 14∼351 μmho/cm, 0.1∼3.4%, 0.5∼7.3%, 0.01∼0.2%, 0.1∼0.4 mg/100 g, 1.7∼22.0%, 0.2∼40.8%, 39.7∼98.0%, respectively. Altitude and annual mean temperature of each site were 20∼620 m and 9.3∼13.0℃, respectively. Niche breadth was estimated by considering the differences of the soil texture as the differences of state of source. S. glandulosa was the broadest at the level of 0.77, while the rests were such order as S. koreensis, S. nipponica were 0.69, 0.54, respectively. The niche overlap showing the level of interspecific competition was the largest as 0.94 between S. purpurea var. japonica and S. purpurea var multinervis, while S. graciliglans and S. purpurea var. japonica 0.92, S. graciliglans and S. purpurea var. multinervis 0.87, respectively. According to the analysis of the correlation between eleven species of Salix and eleven environmental factors, S. gracilistyla showed the negative correlation with conductivity, water content, total nitrogen, clay, silt and annual mean temperature, and showed the positive correlation with total nitrogen, sand and altitude. S. graciliglans showed the negative correlation with conductivity, water content, organic matter, clay, silt and annual mean temperature, and showed the positive correlation with total nitrogen, sand and altitude. S. nipponica showed the negative correlation with sand and altitude, and showed the positive correlation with water content, total nitrogen, clay, silt and annual mean temperature. S. nipponica showed the opposite results of S. gracilistyla. Soil texture, total nitrogen, water content, altitude and annual mean temperature were affecting the distribution of Salix species in Nam-River watershed.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.374-381
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• 2009

Ecological instream flow was quantitatively calculated based on the river characteristics and fish habitat in the downstream of Yongdam Reservoir. The river bed and width did not change from 1988 before the am construction to 2004 after the dam construction, but the bed sediment size was attenuated a little in 2004. According to result that investigate fishes, 4 family 11 species including Acheilognathus koreensis were collected. Among them, Zacceo koreanus of cyprinidae was dominant, and Coreoleuciscus splendidus did sub-dominant. The habitat suitability indexes were estimated for two fish species Zacco koreanus and Coreoleuciscus splendidus using Physical Habitat Simulation System (PHABSIM) considering the river characteristics. In Gamdong and Daeti sites, the optimal ecological flow for Z. koreanus and C. splendidus were $13.90\sim12.60\;m^3\;s^{-1}$ and $15.50\sim11.60\;m^3\;s^{-1}$, respectively. In contrast, the optimal flow for the two species in Bunam site were $7.00\;m^3\;s^{-1}$. The ecological instream flow in the downstream of Yongdam Reservoir was between normal and high flow rate.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2021

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is effective method with high detection sensitivity for evaluating fish biodiversity and detecting endangered fish from natural water samples. We compared the richness of operational taxonomic units(OTUs) and composition of freshwater fishes according to filters(cellulose nitrate filter vs. glass fiber filter), extraction kits(DNeasy2^® Blood & Tissue Kit vs. DNeasy2^® PowerWater Kit), primer sets (12S rDNA vs. 16S rDNA), and PCR methods (conventional PCR vs. touchdown PCR) to determine the optimal conditions for metabarcoding analysis of Korean freshwater fish. The glass fiber filter and DNeasy2^® Blood & Tissue Kit combination showed the highest number of freshwater fish OTUs in both 12S and 16S rDNA. Among the four types, the primer sets only showed statistically significant difference in the average number of OTUs in class Actinopterygii (non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks test, p=0.005). However, there was no difference in the average number of OTUs in freshwater fish. The species composition also showed significant difference according to primer sets (PERMANOVA, Pseudo-F=6.9489, p=0.006), but no differences were observed in the other three types. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) results revealed that species composition clustered together according to primer sets based on similarity of 65%; 16S rDNA primer set was mainly attributed to endangered species such as Microphysogobio koreensis and Pseudogobio brevicorpus. In contrast, the 12S rDNA primer set was mainly attributed to common species such as Zacco platypus and Coreoperca herzi. This study provides essential information on species diversity analysis using metabarcoding for environmental water samples obtained from rivers in Korea.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2005

Tenuidraconema philippinensis, a new species of free-living marine nematode, collected from the shallow subtidal coarse sediments of the Philippines, is described. The new species differs from T. fiersi Decraemer, 1989 and T. koreensis Rho and Kim, 2004, by the following characteristics: the position of 12 cephalic adhesion tubes in both sexes (all 12 cephalic adhesion tubes inserted on the body annules), the number of posterior sublateral adhesion tubes (12 in male and 11 in female) and posterior subventral adhesion tubes (16 in male and 17 in female), and the absence of the intermingled somatic setae in male. This is the first discovery of the genus Tenuidraconema in the Philippines.