• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.651-656
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• 2015

Plant growth and development are coordinately orchestrated by environmental cues and phytohormones. Light acts as a key environmental factor for fundamental plant growth and physiology through photosensory phytochromes and underlying molecular mechanisms. Although phytochromes are known to possess serine/threonine protein kinase activities, whether they trigger a signal transduction pathway via an intracellular protein kinase network remains unknown. In analyses of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK, also called MKK) mutants, the mkk3 mutant has shown both a hypersensitive response in plant hormone gibberellin (GA) and a less sensitive response in red light signaling. Surprisingly, light-induced MAPK activation in wild-type (WT) seedlings and constitutive MAPK phosphorylation in dark-grown mkk3 mutant seedlings have also been found, respectively. Therefore, this study suggests that MKK3 acts in negative regulation in darkness and in light-induced MAPK activation during dark-light transition.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.153-176
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• 2006

This paper examines "Difference in Requests." The study of speech acts is a crucial area in sociolinguistics and ethnolinguistics, and has aided in the development of TESOL. It also provides a useful means of relating linguistic form and communicative intent. This paper concentrated on 3 request strategies, which were requests made with an explanation, requests made without an explanation and no requests. The purpose of this study, and of concern in TESOL, was to discover whether Koreans framed their requests differently under different conditions. Based on these differences, I wanted to ascertain whether Koreans who spoke English as a second language, and who have lived in the United States, frame their requests as they would in their native tongues thus creating the potential for sociolinguistic failure, or use American sociolinguistic style. As the results of the study, it was found that in the majority of cases, Americans made an explanation with a request. In many cases the Koreans living in Korea would not give an explanation when making a request. Rather, they were direct in request. In many cases the Korean speaking English and living in the US had adopted the American request strategy of giving an explanation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.17-23
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• 2015

In this paper, we propose a plural subject account of group beliefs using grounding concept, which bridges the gap between the two main approaches of ACLs, the mentalistic accounts and the social commitment accounts. The key idea of this Gilbert's plural subject account of group beliefs is to extend the grounding logic into the common ground framework for the semantics of ACLs which is fully verifiable, fully formalized and easily applicable. Thus, we formalize the proper group belief concept using common ground framework and we define the semantics of the primitive speech acts of FIPA-ACL such as inform, request and confirm as case studies. Also, we illustrate our framework on an e-commerce agent purchase negotiation and compare this proposed framework with two traditional semantics for ACLs.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.111-127
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• 2003

The government of Korea enacted the National Health Promotion Act in 1995, and set aside funds for national health promotion, endeavoring to reduce the smoking rate of its citizens. Consequently, smoking rates in all age groups of both sexes were lowered during the period of 1999-2003 when legal backing and financial support for no-smoking policies from the national health promotion funds were provided. The decrease in the smoking rate is attributed to the combined effort of the fact that enactment of related acts, their implementation, financial support, and education and publicity 'campaigns on no smoking. However, at the current pace of decreasing the smoking rates, it will be difficult to achieve the Health and Welfare Ministry's smoking rate goal of30％ among adult males by 2013. Thus, related acts should be reshaped, corresponding support should be increased, and financial support should also be provided to implement comprehensive no-smoking policies. Also, budgets should also be alloted to establish a system of providing feedback on the monitoring and evaluation of both short-term and long-term no-smoking business planning and implementation.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.1021-1022
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• 2007

By enforcing skew of permanent magnet, detent force decreases, but lateral force that acts for vertical direction of moving direction occurs. This force deteriorates various performance of PMLSM as that acts to friction force between mover and LM guide. Therefore, in this paper, V skew model is proposed for lateral force's reduction and simulation results are compared to experimental value.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.241-267
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• 2014

Media representations of race have attempted to contain blackness by packaging and commodifying it to reflect and affect preconceptions and prejudices of dominant culture. From the early beginnings of blackface minstrelsy as entertainment form in the $19^{th}$ century, representations of African Americans in popular culture and mainstream media have been closely associated with the notion of performance. The performative nature of racial representations is situated within the discursive struggle over what it meant to be Black, or what it meant to be labeled and portrayed as Black in American culture. This essay discusses four films that contain performances of "blackness" that assemble race and gender in complex configurations: Bamboozled (Spike Lee, 2000), Girl 6 (Spike Lee, 1996), Big Momma's House (Raja Gosnell, 2000), and White Chicks (Keenen Ivory Wayans, 2004). I explore how the performative nature of "blackness" is emphasized, thematized, and problematized in these films through the physicality of corporeal figures that embody the close link between race and gender identities. Once we are cognizant of the fact that race and gender are fabricated cultural constructs and performative acts, we can recognize that notions of "blackness" and "femininity" are not naturalized or essentialist, but open to recontextualization and revision.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.13 no.2 s.50
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• pp.67-80
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• 1998

본 고는 유럽 연합의 종합기술개발 프로그램인 ACTS의 개요, 기술 개발 분야, 과제의 공모 제도, National Host 운용, 기술영역(Technological Domain Chain)과 체인(Chain)의 분류 등 기술 개발을 위하여 취하고 있는 수행 체계 및 추진 방식, 그리고 현재 수행되고 있는 세부 기술 개발 대상 영역별 과제들을 개관하였다. 이는 최근, 보다 효율적인 정보통신 기술 개발 추진을 위해 다양한 변화와 전략을 모색하고 있는 국내 각 분야의 의사 결정에도 많은 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.311-336
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• 2014

The essay examines two different editions of Anne Askew's Examinations published in the sixteenth century: John Bale's the First Examination and the Latter Examination and John Foxe's Acts and Monuments, and argues that retelling and rewriting one's experience is the process of storytelling that necessitates the repetition and communication of the experience. The essay looks at the parts the sixteenth-century editors particularly rewrote or retold the original version, and discusses how Askew's story was retold, repeated, and communicated through various storytellers who delivered not only the original text but also the original experience toward larger audience. While attempting to interpret, analyze, and expand on the story she did not tell, or the story she could not tell, Bale and Foxe developed her personal and anecdotal story into a communal narrative to share. Bale wrote a weak woman's martyrology by adding his interpretation and analysis, showing the way for the readers to follow in understanding her enigmatic silence and gestures. On the other hand, Foxe made the story a more dramatic and more seamlessly flowing narrative of the heroic sacrifice of a martyr. Foxe filled the room left by Askew's silence with directly quoted conversations and the graphic that could help explain what was between the lines. Apart from the rewritings of the reformists, the essay focuses on the fact that the editing, rearranging, and reinterpreting process already started with Askew's own writing. Although Askew declares herself an objective recorder of the series of events, her writing is carefully constructed with complex ideological fractures and rhetorical tactics, and her experience is tailored to fit a particular purpose. Along with Bale's and Foxe's rewritings, Askew's story of a reading woman should be also read as an intentional and interpretative storytelling on her own experience.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.51-69
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• 1995

The Swedish welfare state has been the model for others to emulate the archetypical example of state intervention. The state interventions are presented in the form of legal acts. These social welfare acts can be classified according to the demographic transition theory. According to the Bogue's theory, the demographic transition in Sweden took place in four stages : the pre-transitional stage before 1810; the early transitional stage from 1810 to 1860; the mid-transitional stage from 1860 to 1930; the late transitional stage from 1930 to now. As we look into the social welfare acts in Sweden, the relief of the poor was the major concern of the early transitional stage, the care of workers was the major concerns of the mid-transitional stage and the care of the families was the major concerns in the late transitional stage. The Korea's transition period can be devided as follows; the pre-transitional stage before 1960; the early transitional stage from 1960 to 1969; the mid-transitional stage from 1970 to 1987; and the late transitional stage from 1987 to now. In Korea, the major concern of the early transitional stage was the care of the officials and the workers; in the mid-transitional stage the care of the aged and the handicapped were the major concerns. And in the late transitional stage the expanding of the welfare clients was the major concern. If we compare the results of both countries, the relief of the poor, the care of the workers and the care of the families will be the major concerns in Korea, because the social welfare acts in Korea are extended to specific groups and not to the whole population. The acts related to these social issues have been arranged in 120 years in Sweden. But Korea had to do the same work in 27 years. So the burden of making those social acts will be four times heavier. If we want to extend the benefits of the social system to the general population, we need to look at the design and approach of the swedish model. The reason why swedish social acts constitute an international model has more to do with the uniqueness of its design and approach. First of all, it is characteristic by its universalism, secondly by its emphasis on social services and thirdly by its productivitism. Also the swedish welfare state supported by a high-tax system called the earnings-related welfare system. In order to achieve an effective welfare state, we Koreans should pay attention to the relief of the poor, the care of the worker and the families. We should also focus on a good system design and prepare appropriate budgets.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.1111-1121
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• 2012

A graph is symmetric if its automorphism group acts transitively on the set of arcs of the graph. In this paper, we classify tetravalent symmetric graphs of order $9p$ for each prime $p$.