• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.317-330
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• 2009

To diminish the levels of organic matters, a novel S-CROM (continuous removal of organic matters in the stream system using freshwater bivalve), was developed and applied to the polluted stream discharging from the wastewater treatment plant, Pocheon stream, Pocheon city (Korea). Major pollutants of the stream were human population and industrial wastewaters. The study was conducted at a small dam constructed within the stream, often called 'bo', and designed with four tanks; no mussels and no sediment (negative control), no mussels and sediment (positive control), 30 mussels and sediment (D1), and 60 mussels and sediment (D2). Physicochemical and biological parameters were measured at 12 hours interval (day and night) after mussel stocking. Results indicated that Anodonta woodiana Lea (D2) clearly removed approximately 72% of chl-$\alpha$ and 57% of suspended solids on second day, however, there were no differences in removal activities between animal densities (P>0.5). Dislike a laboratory CROM system, which previously developed, there were no huge release of nutrient ($NH_3$-N and SRP), due perhaps to the higher flow rate and the lower animal density. Therefore, we may suggest that if we can determine the relevant current and the animal density considering the stream state, an S-CROM system has a strong potential to water quality improvement of eutrophic streams. Some characteristics on both CROM and S-CROM were compared.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.319-324
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was to investigate the effect of dorsal neck muscle fatigue on the cervical range of motion (CROM) and proprioception in adults with the forward head posture (FHP). Methods: Thirty pain-free subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects were measured the forward head angle by taking the capture of the sagittal plane of their upper body to determine the FHP. Subjects were distributed into two groups: the FHP group (n=14) and Control group (n=16). All subjects were measured the CROM and the Head repositioning accuracy (HRA) for joint proprioception before and after inducing muscle fatigue of the dorsal neck. The CROM and HRA were measured in neck flexion, extension, right-left lateral flexion, and right-left rotation. Sorenson's test was used to induce muscle fatigue of the dorsal neck. Results: Total CROMs were significantly decreased after dorsal neck muscle fatigue in both groups (p<0.05). Total HRAs were significantly increased after dorsal neck muscle fatigue in the FHP group (p<0.05), but there were no significant differences in the control group (p>0.05). Total CROM changes were not significant differences between groups (p>0.05), but total HRA changes were significant differences between groups (p<0.05) except for right and left lateral flexion (p>0.05). Conclusion: Immediate CROM and proprioception reduction after the dorsal neck muscle fatigue were observed in adults with the FHP. Therefore, FHP can significantly affect the CROM and positioning consistency of cervical proprioception.

• Archives of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.33-44
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• 2018

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cervical stabilization exercise (CSE) on hamstring flexibility in patients with neck pain. A secondary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cervical range of motion (CROM) and craniovertebral angle (CVA). Methods: This study was a single-blind, randomized, comparative trial. Twenty patients were allocated into either the cranio-cervical flexion exercise (CCFE) group or the CSE group. Before and after the intervention, we measured straight leg raise (SLR), popliteal angle (PA), CROM, and CVA in the sitting and standing positions. Fisher's exact test, the Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcoxon's signed-rank test were used to analyze our data. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in the value of SLR, PA, cervical extension, cervical rotation, and CVA in the standing position (both, p<.05) after intervention. However, only the CSE group showed significant improvements in cervical right lateral flexion (z=-2.209; p<.01) and cervical left lateral flexion (z=-2.537; p<.05) after intervention. The CSF group showed more significant improvements in SLR, PA, both cervical lateral flexions, and both cervical rotations than the CCFE group. Conclusions: The results of this study will guide future research in identifying the effectiveness of CSE. In conclusion, it can be inferred that CSE has a positive effect on SLR, PA, CROM, and CVA in the standing position in patients with chronic neck pain.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2008

Purpose : To evaluate the effects joint mobilization and McKenzie exercise on the cervical range of motion and tenderness through cervical range of motion(CROM), algometer. Methods : The subjects consisted of thirty five patients. Eighteen underwent McKenzie exercise, seventeen did Joint Mobilization. The joint mobilization group received joint mobilization exercise for about 15 minutes, and McKenzie exercise group received extension, side-flexion, flexion, elevation, exercise for 15 minutes respectively. The test period of each group took place three times a week during 6 weeks. All measurements for each the subject took the following treatment: pre-treatment, treatment in 2 weeks, treatment in 6 weeks, post-treatment in 2 weeks. Results : The flexion, extension and side-flexion CROM of both groups were statistically significant increase within treatment period(p<.05), and also a significant difference within pre-treatment and post-treatment in a 2 week period(p<.05), within treatment in 2 weeks and post-treatment in 2 weeks by checking the extent of effect in the treatment period(p<.05). The trapezius tenderness threshold of both groups were statistically significant increase within treatment period(p<.05), and also significant difference within pre-treatment and post-treatment, within treatment in 2 weeks and post-treatment by checking the extent of effect in the treatment period. Conclusion : Joint mobilization and Mckenzie exercise improved cervical range of motion and tenderness threshold.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between Forward Head Posture(FHP) and Craniomandlbular Disorders(CMDs). Many studies reported that there was some relationship between them, however, there is still controversy. So It Is necessary to observe and compare many more patients with CMDs wirh normal controls. For the study 85 patients with CMDs and 37 dental students were selected as experimentals and controls, respectively. And the experimentals were classified Into two groups, that is, TMJ internal derangement group and muscle disorders group according to clinical diagnosis. For measuring the FHP, CROM(Cervical-Range-of-Notion)was used. This goniometer is composed of three part. First, gravity goniometer for flexion and extension. Second, magnetic compass and yoke for rotational movement. And last, forward head arm and vertebra locator for forward head posture. Next T-Scan, electronic occlusal analyzer, was used for recording of occlusal contact state. Other items such as maximum opening, lateral excursion, Helkimo's anamnestic index, and muscle palpation point from Friction's craniomandibular index were checked clinically by one examiner. The result of this study were as follows : 1. In male, control group showed much more measurement in resting forward head posture than did experimental group. But there were not significant differences between groups in female subject. From this results, the author contended that CROM is new measuring system and differ from other goniometers in some aspect, so that results should be re-evaluated 2. Mean value of maximum mouth opening in nearly all groups were greater than 40mm. and mouth opening had a significant correlation with occlusal force and with anamnestic index both sex. 3. Mean value of palpation point had not any correlationship with forward head posture in both sex, but there was significant difference between upper and lower group by rounded shouldes. 4. In summary, there was no significant relationship between forward head posture and sign and symptom of Craniomandibular Disorders.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.879-883
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out the influence of Physical Therapists' heavy work on their cervical spines. Subjects were 80 members of Physical Therapists, 40 males and 40 females who were between 3rd decades to 4th decades. The Cervcial Range of Motion instrument was used to measure six cervical range of motion such as flexion, extension, left and right lateral flexion, left and right rotation. The degree of rotation and both lateral flexion was appeared as decrement in 4th decades than 3rd decades(P<0.05). And the left lateral flexion in female Physical therapiest was increased than in male ones(P<0.05). By this results, it was proved that the older the PT's age, the less the cervical motion range and there were more decrement in male Physical Therapists than female Physical Therapists. And finally I think that the evaluating method used in this study will be clinically very useful and be a basic raw materials for evaluating the existence and the degree of functional disability as in the occupational hazards due to Physical Therapist's heavy work.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2017

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between shoulder gradient, range of motion of the neck, and subjective pain level of the potential risk group of smart-phone addiction. Methods : The subjects of this study were 90 women's who had potential risk of smart-phone addiction. VAS was used to measure subjectively pain intensity. Global Postural System was used to measure forward head posture. CROM was used to measure flexion, extension, lateral flexion of cervical range of motion. Results : The results of this study showed that was significant positive correlation between the both shoulder gradient, and cervical range of motion(p<.05). Statistically significant negative correlation between the VAS and left lateral flexion(p<.05). Conclusions : The difference between the gradient of both shoulders increased with the use of smart-phone addiction, and the cervical left lateral flexion decreased as the pain increased. This suggests that recognition on decrease of using smart phone and postural correction is necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.35-39
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the neck flexion angle according to posture while using a smartphone and the duration of smartphone usage. METHODS: The subjects in this study were 16 healthy young students in their 20s. The subjects wore a cervical range of motion instrument. They were instructed to use a smartphone while standing, sitting on a chair, and sitting on the floor. In all postures, they could use the smartphone and use their arms freely while keeping their back connected to the wall or the back of the chair. When sitting on the floor, they assumed a cross-legged position. The neck flexion angle was measured at zero, three, six, and nine minutes for each posture. RESULTS: Neck flexion is affected by the posture while using a smartphone (p<.05). Neck flexion in the standing position is larger than that in the sitting on the floor position. Neck flexion was affected by smartphone usage duration (p<.05). In general, as usage time increases, the neck flexion angle increases as well. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that using smartphone in the standing position and for a short period of time is a method to reduce the neck flexion angle.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.95-109
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• 1997

The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence on mandibular movements and TMJ sounds with changes of head and neck posture. For the research, twenty patients who had complained of TMJ sounds without any other symptoms of cranio-mandibular disorders, were selected as subjects for measurements of TMJ sounds, and radiographs on transcranial view of TMJ were taken on ten of the subjects. From NHP, UHP, DHP and FHP, aspects of mandibular movement and TMJ sound were investigated from each posture. Aspects of mandibular movement and TMJ sound were observed by measuring total vibration energy(Integral), peak amplitude, maximum amound of mouth opening, and TMJ sound-emitting point using Sonopak for windows (version 1.33) and Bio-EGN(Bioresearch Inc. WI. U.S.A.). Head and neck movement-measuring instrument, CROM(perfomance attainment Inc. U.S.A.) was to maintain even head posture. Degrees of inclination of UHP and DHP were determined at 30' and distance of FHP was 4cm. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Total vibration energy and peak amplitude of TMJ sounds were decreased more on UHP and on UHP and increased more on DHP and FHP than that on NHP. 2. At the maximum mouth opening, distance of TMJ sound-emitting point were decreased more on UHP and increased more on DHP and FHP than that on NHP. 3. The amounts of the maximum mouth opening were increased more on UHP and decreased more on DHP and FHP than that on NHP. 4. For the changes of the head posture with mouth opening observed in radiograph, condylar head was positioned more lower-anteriorly on UHP, and more upper-posteriorly on DHP and FHP than that on NHP. From the results obtained as above, considering positive influence of the change of head and neck posture, avoiding down-head and forward-head posture, and recommending upper- head posture can prevent the progress of temporomandibular disorder and lead to successful treatment for the patients with temporomandibular joint sounds.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2024

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of elastic band-resistive exercise using audio-visual medium on pain, proprioception, and motor function in adults with chronic neck and shoulder pain. Design: One group pretest-posttest follow-up experimental design. Method: Twenty adult women with neck and shoulder pain voluntarily participated in this study. Elastic band-resistive exercise using audio-visual medium including cervical flexion and extension, shoulder external rotation, and scapular retraction-protraction motions was conducted 5 times a week for 3 weeks. The Numerical Rating Scale, pressure threshold tool, CROM goniometer, and Image J software were used to assess subjective pain level, tenderness threshold (pain), joint position sense error (proprioception), joint range of motion, and postural alignment (motor function), respectively. Result:: The pain intensity and threshold and joint position sense error showed significant decreases after the intervention, whereas the joint range of motion angle revealed significant increases. The postural alignment including forward head posture and rounded shoulder revealed significant improvements after the intervention. Conclusions: Therefore, we suggest that elastic band-resistive exercise through audio-visual medium would be helpful in preventing and managing pain and physical dysfunction in individuals with chronic neck and shoulder pain, and then it would support the development of health management-related online education content.