• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.516-518
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• 2011

A survey was conducted to examine the normal intestinal bacterial flora of captive Oriental white storks (Ciconia boyciana) maintained at the Korea Institute of Oriental White Stork Rehabilitation Research, Cheongwon, South Korea. From the cloaca of 44 healthy storks, 44 fecal samples were collected and cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences and the heat shock protein 60 gene were cloned and sequenced for bacterial identification. Under aerobic conditions, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus gallinarum, Pseudomonas spp., Alcaligenes spp., Enterobacter spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Proteus mirabilis were identified. Under anaerobic conditions, E. coli, Clostridium tertium, En. faecalis, and P. mirabilis were identified. E. coli, En. faecalis, or both were isolated from all samples. These results will add to the information available on this stork species and help for the interpretation of fecal culture results.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.23-25
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Ecklonia cava kjellman(ECK) and crude lectin extracted from ECK (CLEEC) on performances and immune responses in broiler chicks. A total of two hundreds thirty four 1 day old male broiler chicks (Ross) were fed corn-soy based diets containing 0 % (with or without vaccination and Salmonella challenge), 1.0 % ECK, 0.05 %, 0.1 % and 0.3 % CLEEC for 38 days and vaccinated against inactivated ND-IB combined oil vaccine on the fourth day. After S. gallinarum challenge. mortality was measured daily. The spleens of birds were removed for RNA extraction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primer sets for IFN-ν, IL-2, IL-6 and ${\beta}$-actin were performed with RNA samples. At the 28th day, pancreas weights were heavier 0.3 % CLEEC than 1.0 % ECK group. At the 21st day after ND-IB oil vaccine injection, dietary supplementation of ECK and CLEEC tended to increase or significantly (P<0.05) improved ND or IB titer compared to the positive control. Mortality was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by dietary CLEEC treatments. Chicken splenic IFN-ν, IL-2, and IL-6 cytokines mRNA expressions were enhanced by challenge with S, gallinarum. Dietary treatments did not affect mRNA expression of IFN-ν. However, IL-2 and IL-6 expressions in Salmonella challenged birds that fed the 1.0 % ECK or 0.05 % CLEEC groups were enhanced (P<0.05) compare to the positive control. The results demonstrated that dietary ECK and CLEEC enhanced humoral and cellular immunity and therefore. it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of ECK and CLEEC can be used as a feed additive for enhancement of immunocompetence without any adverse effects in broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.76-88
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of Enterococci isolated from clinical specimens, and identify the aspect of antibiotic susceptibility and analyze the genetic difference by executing Rep-PCR over the strains resistant to aminoglycoside-typed antibiotics. From an assortment of the clinical specimens, 100 strains were isolated. The collection consisted of 49 strains of E. faecalis, 34 strains of E. faecium, 9 strains of E. avium, 4 strains of E. gallinarum, 3 strains of E. casseliflavus, and 1 strain of E. hirae. Ninety five were isolated from inpatients, and five strains were isolated from outpatient. Most of the E. faecalis and E. faecium were originated from urine, pus, and sputum. Most Enterococci showed 80% resistance to the cephalosprin-typed antibiotics. E. faecium showed the high resistance to all the antibiotic substances. One tenths of Enterococci showed the resistance to vancomycin. And also, most Enterococci showed the high resistance to amikacin and gentamicin as aminoglycoside-typed antibiotics. Genetic diversity of the resistant strains to aminoglycoside estimated using Rep-PCR was not significanty different.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.505-514
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the isolation prequency, serotypes, and related epidemiological properties of 341 Salmonella spp from domestic poultry and environmental samples during the period 1993-1995. A total of 1,918 samples was collected during the three years period in nationwide. Most of Salmonella spp were isolated from the intestinal contents of poultry, especially cecal(46.0%) and rectal(35.8%) contents. Among the tested samples, rat(28.5 %) was the most predominant Salmonella reservoirs and followed by duck(24.8%), broiler(18.8%), layer(14.8%) and feed(7.1%), in order. More than twelve Salmonella serovars were identified among the 341 Salmonella isolates. The most prevalent serotypes isolated from non-human sources were S enteritidis (22.3%) and S pullorum (21.9%), S muenchen (13.9%), S typhimurium (12.6%), S gallinarum, S meleagridis, S heidelberg, and S senftenberg were followed, in order. In layer chickens, S pullorum (26.0%) was the most predominant serotype but S muenchen (33.0%) was in broiler chickens, S enteritidis (28.4%) was in ducks, and S typhimurium (60.0%) was in rats, respectively. As a results, S enteritidis was identified as the most prevalent serotype in non-human Salmonella isolates in Korea during the period 1993-1995. A preliminary study on the phage typing of 19 S enteritidis selected from the nationwide scale was shown that S enteritidis phage type(PT) 4 was the most predominant PT, and SEPT 1, SEPT 6a, SEPT 7 and SEPT 7a variant were also found in the same period.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2017

The study was performed to investigate the bacteriological contamination of portable digital radiography system and their detectors in a university hospital. CNS and VRE were detected in the samples collected from vinyl cover on detectors used for the infection control patients. On the other hand, no bacteria was detected in the samples collected from detectors with vinyl cover removed. In the series of imaging of patients from general wards, no bacteria was detected from the patient 1. However, CNS was detected from the patients 2 and 3, CNS and Enterococcus faecalis detected from the patient 4, CNS and Enterococcus casseliflavus detected from the patient 5, and CNS, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae all detected from the patient 6. CNS and Enterococcus faecium were detected in the controller handle of collimator. Also, CNS was detected from the handle of detector and exposure switch. In the treatment gloves of the radiological technologist after the imaging, CNS, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected. Therefore, it is recommended for DR portable to take images after sterilizing the detector after taking each image and to use disposable vinyl covers on detectors to remove after imaging. And treatment gloves must be changed after each imaging. Also, hospital infection via portables must be prevented by complete sterilization of the controller handles of collimator which are in frequent contact during imaging and infection education of employees.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-334
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• 2009

Salmonella spp. are the important pathogens both economically and clinically in animals as well as human. Some of them have highly zoonotic potentials even though they are asymptomatic in animals. Therefore, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in animals is highly concerned for human health. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and PFGE patterns of Salmonella spp. isolated from chickens at slaughterhouse in Incheon area. The overall isolation rate of Salmonella spp. from cloaca and cecum specimens was 7.3 % (37/510). Thirty seven isolates of Salmonella spp. were identified to 5 serotypes; S. Enteritidis, S. Newport, S. Typhimurium, S. Gallinarum, and S. Derby with prevalence of 46.0%, 40.5%, 8.1%, 2.7%, and 2.7%, respectively. Resistance to nalidixic acid was found in 97.3% of Salmonella spp. isolated, followed by streptomycin (16.2%), tetracycline (16.2%), ampicillin (5.4%). Only 6 isolates (16.2%) showed resistance to more than two antimicrobials. In PFGE analysis of chicken and human isolates with Xba I, S. Enteritidis isolates from chicken showed very high similarity over 82.8% and also the similarity was very high in the comparison with human isolates. However, the higher similarity (100%) was observed among chicken isolates of S. Typhimurium. These results suggest the close genetic relatedness of Salmonella spp. isolated from chickens with human.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.442-450
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• 2018

Liquid egg products can be contaminated with Salmonella spp. during processing. A predictive model for the growth of Salmonella spp. in unpasteurized liquid eggs was developed and validated. Liquid whole egg, liquid yolk, and liquid egg white samples were prepared and inoculated with Salmonella mixture (approximately 3 Log CFU/mL) containing five serovars (S. Bareilly, S. Richmond, S. Typhimurium monophasic, S. Enteritidis, and S. Gallinarum). Salmonella growth data at isothermal temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and $40^{\circ}C$) was collected by 960 h. The population of Salmonella in liquid whole egg and egg yolk increased at above $10^{\circ}C$, while Salmonella in egg white did not proliferate at all temperature. These results demonstrate that there is a difference in the growth of Salmonella depending on the types of liquid eggs (egg yolk, egg white, liquid whole egg) and storage temperature. To fit the growth data of Salmonella in liquid whole egg and egg yolk, Baranyi model was used as the primary model and the maximum growth rate and lag phase duration for each temperature were determined. A secondary model was developed with maximum growth rate as a function of temperature. The model performance measures, bias factor ($B_f$, 0.96-0.99) and $r^2$ (0.96-0.99) indicated good fit for both primary and secondary models. In conclusion, it is thought that the growth model can be used usefully to predict Salmonella spp. growth in various types of unpasteurized liquid eggs when those are exposed to various temperature and time conditions during the processing.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2005

To determine the actual hygienic status of domestic chicken meats sold in public markets (conventional markets and department stores), microbial contamination levels (Total cells, Coliforms and Staphylococcal cells) and zoonotic pathogens (Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, Listeria species, and Staphylococcus aureus) isolation tests were conducted. Chicken meats and eggs tested were collected from the conventional markets (Si-Jang) and department-stores located in Seoul and Kyung-gi regions in 1996. In total cells and coliforms contamination tests, chicken meats sold in department stores were much lesser contamination status than those of Si-Jang, but staphylococcal cells level was much more higher than that of conventional markets. Salmonella isolation frequency was investigated as $68.8\%$, but Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes isolation frequency were appeared both $64.0\%\;and\;63.3\%$. In case of eggs sold in public markets, one of S. gallinarum strain $(0.7\%)$ was isolated only on the egg-shell part among the four-hundred and fourty-six. In comparison with foreign imported chicken meats, there were no big differences in microbial contamination status. On the other hand, both Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were isolated only in the chicken wings from Korea and China, but not from U.S.A. This data suggest that more hygienic control system in order to produce the safe and hygienic chicken meats and eggs is need in our country as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to investigate the preventive effect of feed supplemented with 1.0% oriental herbal medicine feed additives (OHMFA) on the colonization of Salmonella spp. and incidence of death in broiler chickens. The frequency of Salmonella spp. in feces samples treated with OHMFA (25/239; 10.5%) was significantly reduced (p<0.05) than that of control group (83/347; 23.9%). A total of 108 Salmonella spp, belonging to four different serotypes, were isolated from three broiler farms. Among the serotypes isolated, Salmonella typhimurium was the moot prevalent (60.2%), followed by S. enteritidis (20.4%), S. gallinarum (13.0%) and S. pullorum (6.4%). In incidence of death in chickens during experiment, the mortality of rate OHMFA group (3.9%) was significantly lower (p<0.01) than that of control group (5.7%). These results show that the administration of OHMFA may prevent the colonization of Salmonella in chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.834-843
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• 2011

Bacterial diversity was studied using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing. DNA was isolated from digesta samples from stomach, ileum and colon of 28 weaned piglets (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) fed dry control feed, naturally fermented liquid feed (FE) and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue feed. General bacterial diversity was described using DGGE analysis of the V3 region of 16S rDNA. The microbial populations in the stomach and the ileum were considerably influenced by the diet, while only marginal effects were observed in the colon. There was a large variation of the microbial flora in the stomach between individuals fed non-fermented diets. In contrast, animals fed diet FE had a more uniform microbial flora in the stomach and the ileum compared to the other diets. In total 47 bands from the DGGE profiles were cloned. In stomach, most frequently lactic acid bacteria were found. Feeding diet FE resulted in the occurrence of Pediococcus species in stomach and ileum. In pigs fed the other diets, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus fermentum were found in stomach and ileum. Most of the sequences of bands isolated from colon samples and several from ileum matched to unknown bacteria, which often grouped within Prevotellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. This study demonstrates that fermented liquid feed affects bacterial diversity and the specific microflora in stomach and ileum, which provides a potential to modulate the gut microflora with dietary means to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and improve piglets' health.