• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2004

A rust fungus has caused a serious early defoliation of Zanthoxylum schinifolium during growing seasons every year at the plantations located at Hadong and Jinju, Kyeongsangnam-Do in Korea. In order to identify the rust fungus and clarify its life cycle in Korea, aeciospores from Pinus thunbergii were artificially inoculated on the leaves of Z. schinifolium. Uredinial stage was successively formed on the leaves of Z. schinifolium. Based on the artificial inoculation test and on the morphological features of the dried specimens collected from P. thunbergii and Z. schinifolium, this rust fungus was identified as Coleosporium xanthoxyli. Morphological features of aecial and uredinial stages of the species were described. The first symptom of the infection was developed from later June to early July. And leaf infection ratio was 17.8%-58.7% during August at Hadong and Jinju regions of Kyeongsangnam-Do in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.217-226
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for brain reperfusion injury in ischemic stroke patients and to analyze the clinical outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 168 patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-Square test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression with IBM SPSS/WIN 24.0. Results: Brain reperfusion injury occurred in 67 patients (39.9%) with a low favored outcome (𝛘²=6.01, p=.014). On multivariable analysis, blood urea nitrogen (Odds ratio [OR]=1.14, 95% Confidence interval [CI]=1.06-1.23), aphasia (OR=6.16, CI=1.62-23.40), anosognosia (OR=4.84, CI=1.13-20.79), presence of both aphasia and anosognosia (OR=7.33, CI=1.20-44.60), and time required to achieve targeted blood pressure (OR=1.00, CI=1.00-1.00) were identified as risk factors for brain reperfusion injury. A statistically significant difference was detected in clinical outcomes, including hemorrhagic transformation (𝛘²=6.32, p=.012), intensive care unit length of stay (Z=-2.08, p=.038), National Institute of Health Stroke scale score at discharge (Z=-3.14, p=.002), and modified Rankin Scale score at discharge (Z=-2.93, p=.003). Conclusion: This study identified the risk factors and presented the clinical outcomes of brain reperfusion injury. It is necessary to consider these risk factors for evaluating the patients and to establish nursing interventions and strategies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1236-1242
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• 2007

Sixty healthy growing pigs ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$ with an average BW of 21.4 kg) were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. Pigs were assigned randomly to one of five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), representing five levels of TDP (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%). There were three replications per treatment, with four pigs (2 barrows and 2 gilts) in each replication (2 pigs/pen) A randomized-block design was used, with pen as the experimental unit. Experimental diets were formulated to provide the 5 TDP levels with a total calcium (Ca) to TDP ratio of 2:1, and offered to pigs at 5% BW for 28 d. The total Ca contents of the five diets were 0.33, 0.38, 0.45, 0.51 and 0.79%, respectively. During the 28-d experimental period, the ADG of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Equation 1: y = $-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1$,759; ($R^2$ = 0.99; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %). The feed:gain ratio for pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Equation 2: y = $3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2$ = 0.99; p<0.01; y = feed:gain ratio; x = dietary TDP, %). Total P concentrations in serum were affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Equation 3: y = $-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ ($R^2$ = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest feed:gain ratio (1.07), and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet (e.g., 5.1 g/day for a 30-kg pig that consumed 1.5 kg feed daily) at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.469-477
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• 2018

This paper presents a numerical solution for the thick cylinders made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with a constant Poisson's ratio and an arbitrary Young's modulus. We define two fundamental solutions which are derived from an ordinary differential equation under two particular initial boundary conditions. In addition, for the single layer case, we can define the transfer matrix N. The matrix gives a relation between the values of stress and displacement at the interior and exterior points. By using the assumed boundary condition and the transfer matrix, we can obtain the final solution. The transfer matrix method also provides an effective way for the solution of multiply layered cylinder. Finally, a lot of numerical examples are present.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.377-384
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• 2009

The shape of edge cracking in rolling process generally occurred "V" shape. This cracking is successively generated at width edge of strip. The edge cracking is developed to center of strip during rolling process. In the results, the strip is occurred fracture, and the productivity is gone down because of the extensive production time. Accordingly, we need to control crack propagation during rolling process. But, the control of cracking is very difficult in rolling process. Previously the studies of edge cracking were mainly performed on hot rolling process. In this paper, the shape of the edge cracking in rolling was estimated according to process conditions such as initial edge crack size, reduction ratio and tension using FE-simulation and the simplicity experiments on cold rolling process.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2015

The rational analytical solutions are presented for functionally graded beams subjected to arbitrary tractions on the upper and lower surfaces. The Young's modulus is assumed to vary exponentially along the thickness direction while the Poisson's ratio keeps unaltered. Within the framework of symplectic elasticity, zero eigensolutions along with general eigensolutions are investigated to derive the homogeneous solutions of functionally graded beams with no body force and traction-free lateral surfaces. Zero eigensolutions are proved to compose the basic solutions of the Saint-Venant problem, while general eigensolutions which vary exponentially with the axial coordinate have a significant influence on the local behavior. The complete elasticity solutions presented here include homogeneous solutions and particular solutions which satisfy the loading conditions on the lateral surfaces. Numerical examples are considered and compared with established results, illustrating the effects of material inhomogeneity on the localized stress distributions.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.379-390
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• 2012

In this paper, the mechanical strength of different lightweight mortars made with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100 percentage of scoria instead of sand and 0.55 water-cement ratio and 350 $kg/m^3$ cement content is investigated. The experimental result showed 7.9%, 16.7% and 49% decrease in compressive strength, tensile strength and mortar density, respectively, by using 100% scoria instead of sand in the mortar. The normalized compressive and tensile strength data are applied for artificial neural network (ANN) generation using generalized regression neural network (GRNN). Totally, 90 experimental data were selected randomly and applied to find the best network with minimum mean square error (MSE) and maximum correlation of determination. The created GRNN with 2 input layers, 2 output layers and a network spread of 0.1 had minimum MSE close to 0 and maximum correlation of determination close to 1.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.516-527
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• 2009

We assessed fish fauna and habitat suitability indexes in the Geum river basin. Field monitoring was conducted for ecological and habitat condition assessment at 23 sites from October 2007 to March 2009. The habitat suitability indexes established for dominant fish species using the monitoring data were employed to assess riverine health conditions such as composition ratio of fish species, richness and dominance indexes, bio-diversity(dominance index, diversity, evenness and richness), and water depth, velocity and substrate size. Twenty-one species(42%) including Rhodeus uyekii and Pseudopungtungia nigra were found endemic out of the 50 species in 11 families sampled during this study period. The most frequently found one was Zacco platypus(34.3%) followed by Z. koreanus(10.2%) and Coreoleuciscus splendidus(8.4%). For Z. platypus, the dominant fish species in the basin, the favored habitat conditions were estimated to be 0.1~0.9 m for water depth, 0~0.9m/s for flow velocity and silt(<0.1mm)~cobbles(100.0~300.0mm) for substrate size, respectively. Overall, it was concluded that the Geum river basin has been relatively well protected from the anthropogenic disturbance for the legally protected species including the endemic species studied in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1736-1741
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of forage: concentrate ratio (F:C) on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of housing-feeding yaks. Thirty-two Maiwa male yaks (initial body weight = $207.99{\pm}3.31kg$) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (8 yaks per treatment). Experimental diets were: A, B, C, D which contained 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60 F:C ratios, respectively. Dry matter intake and average daily gain in yaks fed the C and D diets were greater (p<0.05) than yaks fed the A and B diets. No differences were found in ruminal $NH_3-N$, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate concentrations. The propionate concentration was increased (p<0.05) in the C and D groups compared with the A and B diets. In contrast, the acetate to propionate ratio was decreased and was lowest (p<0.05) in the C group relative to the A and B diets, but was similar with the D group. For blood metabolites, no differences were found in serum concentrations of urea-N, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase (p>0.05) among treatments. Treatment C had a higher concentration of total protein and high density lipoprotein (p<0.05) than A and B groups. In addition, there was a trend that the globulin concentration of A group was lower than other treatments (p = 0.079). Results from this study suggest that increasing the level of concentrate from 30% to 50% exerted a positive effect on growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in yaks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.1003-1007
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary SAA (sulfur-containing amino acids) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content, and to determine the optimal SAA:lysine ratio for growing barrows and gilts. A total of 150 pigs (75 barrows and 75 gilts, Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) were assigned to 6 treatments with 5 replicates of 5 pigs per pen. All pigs were fed diets containing either 1.12 (for barrows) or 1.33% (for gilts) dietary lysine with increasing SAA levels (50, 55 and 60% of dietary lysine) in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design. Throughout the whole experimental period (15 to 54 kg body weight), there was no interaction between sexes and SAA:lysine ratios on ADG, ADFI and FCR. However, increasing the SAA:lysine ratio from 50 to 60% in a diet showed a trend to increase ADG and ADFI of barrows. None of differences in nutrient digestibilities except for calcium and phosphorus were observed and gilts showed higher digestibility of calcium and phosphorus (p<0.05). Among dietary SAA:lysine ratios, there were no differences in apparent nutrient digestibility. Mean values of the essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acids (TAA) digestibilities were higher in gilts than barrows (p<0.01). However, no differences in mean value of EAA, NEAA and TAA digestibilities were observed among dietary SAA:lysine ratios. Between sexes and among SAA:lysine ratios, no significant difference in BUN concentration was observed. This study demonstrated that the optimal inclusion ratio of SAA:lysine was 55% and below 50% in barrows and gilts, respectively.