• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.85-88
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• 2013

Bioassessment is the use of biosurvey data, most commonly for benthic macroinvertebrates and fish, to obtain information about the health of waters in a region. In rivers, bioassessment results are used to evaluate biological condition and trends, to establish relationships between stressors and impairments, and to guide and evaluate management actions.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.54-86
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• 2015

The study examines the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, with a focus on the recent Reauthorization, and compares, in the political context, the U.S. and East Asian countries-Japan, Korea and Taiwan-that adopted the U.S. SBIR program. For the systematic analysis and cross-country comparison, the study employs Kingdon (2003)'s framework-his political theory and Garbage Can Model-to identify political participants and processes underlying the SBIR Reauthorization and to analyze the differences in problem, policy, and politics streams between the U.S. and East Asian countries. For the cross-country comparison, specifically, the study uses various data sources such as OECD, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, and World Value Survey. Based on the analysis outcomes, implications of U.S. practices on East Asian countries are extracted as follows. East Asian countries tend to: Have higher entrepreneurial aspiration while lower entrepreneurial activity and attitude than the U.S.; bear higher long term orientation and uncertainty avoidance while lower individualism than the U.S.; and have greater expectations of technology development and higher confidence in political parties while participating less in political action than the U.S. Drawing on the differences, the following policy recommendations are suggested. East Asian countries should: Improve entrepreneurs' access to resources (in particular, financial resource) in order to link their high entrepreneurial aspiration to actual entrepreneurial activities; cultivate failure-tolerating culture and risk-taking entrepreneurs, for instance, by providing a second chance to SBIR-participating businesses that failed to materialize their innovative ideas; and leverage their high expectations of new technology in order to take bold actions regarding their SBIR programs, and update the programs by drawing out constructive dialogues between SBIR stakeholders.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.308-316
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• 2018

The Korean government introduced the $6^{th}$ industrialization in the agricultural sector to increase farmers' income and value-added agricultural products. The U.S. government has also supported farmers' efforts to increase their income and value-added products in a similar way even though the $6^{th}$ industrialization is not the usual concept in the U.S. Especially, direct-to-consumer and intermediated marketing is one of the main methods to increase farmers' income and value-added agricultural products in the U.S. The purpose of this paper was to analyze direct-to-consumer and intermediated marketing in the U.S., through a survey and frequency analysis. The results of this study are as follows: First, U.S. farmers have shifted their concern and efforts from direct-to-consumer marketing to intermediated marketing because intermediated marketing may offer higher value-added agricultural products. However, consumers' perception and interest are higher for direct-to-consumer marketing than for intermediated marketing of agricultural products and related services. Consumers also will increase the portion of consumption of agricultural products and related services through direct-to-consumer marketing. This difference between farmers and consumers may cause difficulties in increasing farmers' income and value-added agricultural products in the U.S. Korean farmers may have same problem in the future, even though they have not encountered it yet. Especially, the Korean government needs to develop the capabilities of farmers so that they can solve this problem.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.487-496
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• 2022

Most of the pile's vertical static load tests in construction sites are the proof load tests, which is difficult to accurately estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and analyze the reliability of piles. Therefore, a reliability analysis method based on the proof load-settlement (Q-s) data is proposed in this study. In this proposed method, a simple ultimate limit state function based on the hyperbolic model is established, where the random variables of reliability analysis include the model factor of the ultimate bearing capacity and the fitting parameters of the hyperbolic model. The model factor M = R_uR / R_uP is calculated based on the available destructive Q-s data, where the real value of the ultimate bearing capacity (R_uR) is obtained by the complete destructive Q-s data; the predicted value of the ultimate bearing capacity (R_uP) is obtained by the proof Q-s data, a part of the available destructive Q-s data, that before the predetermined load determined by the pile test report. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can easy and effectively perform the reliability analysis based on the proof Q-s data.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.169-184
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• 2016

Smartphone use is rapidly spreading due to the advantage of being able to connect to the Internet anytime, anywhere--and mobile app development is developing accordingly. The characteristic of the mobile app market is the ability to launch one's app into foreign markets with ease as long as the platform is the same. However, a large amount of prior research asserts that consumers behave differently depending on their culture and, from this perspective, various studies comparing the differences between consumer behaviors in different countries exist. Accordingly, this research, which uses online product reviews (OPRs) in order to analyze the cultural differences in consumer behavior comparatively by nationality, proposes to compare the U.S. and South Korea by selecting ten apps which were released in both countries in order to perform a sentimental analysis on the basis of star ratings and, based on those ratings, to interpret the sentiments in reviews. This research was carried out to determine whether, on the basis of ratings analysis, analysis of review contents for sentiment differences, analysis of LDA topic modeling, and co-occurrence analysis, actual differences in online reviews in South Korea and the U.S. exist due to cultural differences. The results confirm that the sentiments of reviews for both countries appear to be more negative than those of star ratings. Furthermore, while no great differences in high-raking review topics between the U.S. and South Korea were revealed through topic modeling and co-occurrence analyses, numerous differences in sentiment appeared-confirming that Koreans evaluated the mobile apps' specialized functions, while Americans evaluated the mobile apps in their entirety. This research reveals that differences in sentiments regarding mobile app reviews due to cultural differences between Koreans and Americans can be seen through sentiment analysis and topic modeling, and, through co-occurrence analysis, that they were able to examine trends in review-writing for each country.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2015

U-Services, which are offered from local governments based on their Ubiquitous City Plans, are only focused on facility and urban management services. Also Citizen oriented U-service is only planned. This study's purpose is to propose the implication for provide of the Citizen oriented U-service comparing with U-Service plan of 'Ubiquitous City Comprehensive Plan' and 'Ubiquitous City Plan' through a network text analysis and word frequency analysis. It was calculated a important keyword that was extracted the service plan contents of the 'Ubiquitous City Comprehensive Plan' and 'Ubiquitous City Plan' of the four local governments. The network text analysis and keyword frequency analysis was performed through derived keyword. Based on the analysis results, awareness of the citizens can be expected to increase about U-City by activating a excavation of Citizen oriented U-service in a variety of sector through additional services and policy of financial support in the next Ubiquitous City Comprehensive Plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to find problems and to provide architectural design standards of the Learning Space Unit(L.S.U.) in Elementary Schools through the Post-occupancy Evaluation(POE). In this study, we found six major problems of the type of the L.S.U. in elementary schools. More than 50% of users expressed dissatisfactions in these items : size, safety, cooling facility, noise, privacy and primary meaning for its original purpose. After the interrelation-analysis, we checked pros and cons about each forms of L.S.U. It is the result of analysis of the layout method in L.S.U. 1) "$8.4m{\times}8.4m$" classroom unit got the highest positive responses 2) "2-classroom type" and "4-classroom type" got higher score than "3-classroom type" 3) "Whole faced type" 1) made more active Multi-space than "Partial faced type" 4) prefered prepared "Open-classroom" to "Closed-classroom" 5) 'Zoning type between L.S.U.s' couldn't influence to user's responses. Designers can consult those informations when they plan a new, remodeling and additional elementary school.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.75-87
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• 1985

In 1977, the United States enacted the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MFCMA), which established U.S. Fisheries Conservation Zone (FCZ). The MFCMA grants preference to U.S. harvesters over foreign fleets in the U.S. FCZ. At present, the large stocks of groundfish in the U.S. FCZ off the Alaska coast have been under-utilized in the U.S. domestic market and the fisheries for these groundfish are dominated by foreign fleets. Hence, expected benefits from replacing foreign fisheries by domestic fleets will accrue to the U.S. fishery only by exporting the increased U.S. products to foreign countries. U.S. exports may be dependent on the price levels in the foreign markets raised by the reduced foreign catch from U,S. waters. In this paper, Japanese demand models for Alaska groundfish were estimated. The derived coefficient from the estimated models suggest that a decrease in the Japanese landings from the U.S. FCZ by a thousand metric tons will increase pollock price by 0.017 Yen/kg, cod price by 0.351 Yen/kg, flatfish by 1.074 Yen/kg, and ocean perch by 1.347 Yen/kg in the Japanese market. These results based on percentage would increase 19 percent for pollock price, 11 percent for cod price, 40 percent for flatfish, and 2 percent for ocean perch price.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.53-76
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• 2017

Korean businesses, and their legal representatives, have observed the improvements of enforcement of commercial judgments through arbitration over traditional collections litigation in U.S. Courts-due to quicker proceedings, exceptional cost savings and more predictable outcomes-in attaching assets within U.S. jurisdictions. But how are the 2016 interim measures implemented by the Arbitration Act of Korea utilized to avoid jurisdictional and procedure pitfalls of enforcement proceedings in the Federal Courts of the United States? Authors examine the necessary prerequisites of the U.S. Federal Arbitration Act as adopted through the New York Convention, to which Korea and the U.S. are signatories, as distinguished from the Panama Convention. Five common U.S. arbitration institutions address U.S. "domestic" disputes, preempting U.S. state law arbitrations, while this article focuses on U.S. enforcement of "international" arbitration awards. Seeking U.S. recognition and enforcement of Korean arbitral awards necessitates avoiding common defenses involving due process, public policy or documentary formality challenges. Provisional and conservatory injunctive relief measures are explored. A variety of U.S. cases involving Korean litigants are examined to illustrate the legal challenges involving non?domestic arbitral awards, foreign arbitral awards and injunctive relief. Suggestions aimed toward further research are focused on typical Korean business needs such as motions to confirm foreign arbitration awards, enforce such awards or motions to compel arbitration.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.51-69
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• 2011

Security has been considered one of the most critical issues for managing IT resources in many organizations. Despite a growing interest and extensive research on security at various levels, little research has focused on the comparison of security knowledge levels between different cultures. The current study investigates and compares the security knowledge level between Korea and the U.S. Based on the literature review of spyware, Hofstede's cultural dimensions, and security knowledge, this study identifies three constructs (i.e., security familiarity, spyware awareness, and spyware knowledge) to examine the difference of security knowledge levels between Korea and the U.S. Six hundred ninety-six respondents from Korea and the U.S. participated in the survey, and an in-depth analysis based on analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was carried out. The results show that the levels of security familiarity, spyware awareness, and spyware knowledge are significantly lower in Korea than in the U.S., as expected. These findings present a significant association between national culture and security knowledge, and the degree of individualism (or collectivism) plays an especially critical role in the perception of security. A number of implications for academia and practitioners emerge. Limitations and future research directions are discussed in the conclusion.