• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.25-35
• /
• 2007

Excess runoff contaminated with N and P can impact the quality of downstream water. It has been known that aquatic plants improve the water quality through their intake of organic or inorganic nutrients. This study was conducted to select aquatic plants having high purification ability for nutrient N and P, and mineral nutrients related to EC such as K, Ca, Na, Cl, and $SO_4$ in raw sewage water in greenhouse. We assessed nutrient phytoremediation potential of alien hydrophyte and hydro-crop as well as native landscape hydrophyte to select suitable aquatic plant applied to artificial wetland and buffering site of stream-side. The amount of irrigation water during whole growing period of aquatic plane ranged from 225 L $m^{-2}$ to 444 L $m^{-2}$. Oryza sativa, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia, Aster subulatus, Coix lachryma-jobi var. mayuen, Paspalum disdichum var. indutum which had high biomass consumed the large amount of irrigation water over 350 L $m^{-2}$. As a result of analysis of water purification effect N and P content of shoot biomass, and media soil after experiment, Oryza sativa, Zizania latifolia, Aster subulatus, Coix lachryma-jobi var. mayuen, Paspalum distichum var. indutum showed high purification ability about eutrophication elements such as T-N and T-P. It is presented that Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, and Paspalum distichum var. indutum had excellent purification ability about K, Ca, Na, and Cl. Moreover, Paspalum distichum var. indutum greatly removed $SO_4$ in row sewage water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.79-88
• /
• 2015

Preparations need to be made for Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) in anticipation of climate change because Korean pine is an endemic species of South Korea and the source of timber and pine nut. Therefore, climate change adaptation policy has been established to conduct an impact assessment on the distribution of Korean pine. Our objective was to predict the distribution of Korean pine while taking into account uncertainty and afforestation conditions. We used the 5th forest types map, a forest site map and BIOCLIM variables. The climate scenarios are RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for uncertainty and the climate models are 5 regional climate models (HadGEM3RA, RegCM4, SNURCM, GRIMs, WRF). The base period for this study is 1971 to 2000. The target periods are the mid-21st century (2021-2050) and the end of the 21st century (2071-2100). This study used the MaxEnt model, and 50% of the presences were randomly set as training data. The remaining 50% were used as test data, and 10 cross-validated replicates were run. The selected variables were the annual mean temperature (Bio1), the precipitation of the wettest month (Bio13) and the precipitation of the driest month (Bio14). The test data's ROC curve of Korean pine was 0.689. The distribution of Korean pine in the mid-21st century decreased from 11.9% to 37.8% on RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. The area of Korean pine at an artificial plantation occupied from 32.1% to 45.4% on both RCPs. The areas at the end of the 21st century declined by 53.9% on RCP 4.5 and by 86.0% on RCP 8.5. The area of Korean pine at an artificial plantation occupied 23.8% on RCP 4.5 and 7.2% on RCP 8.5. Private forests showed more of a decrease than national forests for all subsequent periods. Our results may contribute to the establishment of climate change adaptation policies for considering various adaptation options.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.459-468
• /
• 2011

The main purpose of this study was to examine the influence of treatment amounts of Slurry Composting and Biofiltration liquid fertilizer (SCBLF) on biomass growth of Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and to compare bioethanol production from the harvested wood. Relative growth rate, biomass production and leaf characteristics were significantly enhanced by SCBLF treatment and medium treatment plot showed highest value. Nitrogen compounds and water content in SCBLF affected to increase chlorophyll contents which led improving biomass production (64.67%) and glucose contents (6.07%) than control. Organosolv and dilute acid pretreatments were preliminarily carried for bioethanol production, and the pretreatment processes were conducted at all the same solid to liquid ratio (1 : 10), reaction temperature ($150^{\circ}C$), preheating time (40 min) and residence time (10 min). The water insoluble solid recovery of Organosolv pretreatment with 1% sulfuric acid as a catalyst was the lowest and that of medium treatment plot was 44.81%. Exchangeable cations in SCBLF might be affected to increase pretreatment effect. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was followed to determine the ethanol production of the pretreated biomass. The highest ethanol production yield based on initial weight was obtained from high treatment plotby Organosolv pretreatment with 1% sulfuric acid (16.11%). But regarding biomass production, medium treatment plot produced most, and bioethanol production was increased by 72.93% than control.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.48-64
• /
• 2001

In the dissertation, Bibos are discussed as landscape features in the geographical context of Youngnam Region. The bibo tradition in Youngnam Region began with the incorporation of temple structures in Shilla and Kaya kingdoms, and spread throughout the country during the period of Unified Shilla. In Korea Dynasty, the diffusion of temple Bibo gained momentum, because Buddhism was worshipped as national religion. Then came a sea change in the Bibo repertoire with the replacement of Buddhism by Confucianism as an ideological prop for Chason Korea. The retreat of Buddhism led to the popularization of feng-shui motifs in Bibo strategy. The centers of the diffusion of the logic of bibo were major towns such as Kyongju, Ahndong, Sangju, and Chinju. The diffusion process continued top-down to mid-sized towns, and to the bottom of small villages. What sustained the hierarchical diffusion of Bibo attributes was myriad of transportation lines. The main artery of the diffusion in Korea Dynasty was that connecting Kaegyong to Kyongju. That same function was performed by the royal road running from Seoul through Sangju, Milyang, and to Tongrae. In the age of modernization, the feng-shui and Bibo landscapes have lost their original aura. They have suffered from the ruthless attacks of the Enlightenment logic of science. However, the elan vital of feng-shui and Bibo are still visible and strongly felt in the countryside. From field experiences, one can notice that the Bibo landscapes are tightly integrated into the rural way of life. The durability of the traditional geomancy shows us the beauty of the harmonious interplay between Youngnam people and the nature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.32-40
• /
• 2006

This study's objects are to suggest effective forest community-level management measures by identifying the vulnerable forest vegetation communities types to climate change through a comparative analysis with present forest communities identified and delineated in the Actual Vegetation Map. The methods of this study are to classify the climatic life zones based on the correlative climate-vegetation relationship for each forest vegetation community, the Holdridge Bio-Climate Model was employed. This study confirms relationship between forest vegetation and environmental factors using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. Then, the future distribution of forest vegetation are predicted derived factors and present distribution of vegetation by utilizing the multinomial logit model. The vulnerability of forest to climate change was evaluated by identifying the forest community shifts slower than the average velocity of forest moving (VFM) for woody plants, which is assumed to be 0.25 kilometers per year. The major findings in this study are as follows : First, the result of correlative analysis shows that summer precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest month, elevation, soil organic matter contents, and soil acidity (pH) are highly influencing factors to the distribution of forest vegetation. Secondly, the result of the vulnerability assessment employing the assumed velocity of forest moving for woody plants (0.25kmjyear) shows that 54.82% of the forest turned out to be vulnerable to climate change. The sub-alpine vegetations in regions around Mount Jiri and Mount Seorak are predicted to shift the dominance toward Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora communities. In the identified vulnerable areas centering the southern and eastern coastal regions, about 8.27% of the Pinus densiflora communities is likely to shift to sub-tropical forest communities, and 3.38% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Quercus acutissima communities. In the vulnerable areas scattered throughout the country, about 8.84% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Pinus densiflora communities due to the effects of climate change. The study findings concluded that challenges associated with predicting the future climate using RCM and the assessment of the future vulnerabilities of forest vegetations to climate change are significant.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2008

Information on daily maximum air temperature is important in predicting the status of plants and insects, but the uneven and sparse distribution of weather stations prohibits timely access to the data in regions with complex topography. Since cumulative solar irradiance plays a critical role in determining daily maximum temperature on any sloping surfaces, derivation of a quantitative relationship between cumulative solar irradiance and the resultant daily maximum temperature is a prerequisite to development of such estimation models. Air temperatures at 8 sideslope locations with similar elevation and slope angle but aspect, circumventing a cone-shaped, grass-covered parasitic volcano (c.a., 570 m diameter for the bottom circle and 90m bottom-to-top height), were measured from June to December in 2007. Daily maximum temperatures from each location were compared with the average of 8 locations (assumed to be the temperature measured at a "horizontal reference" position). The temperature deviation at all locations increased with the day of year (or sun elevation) from summer solstice to winter solstice. Averaged over the entire period, the south facing location was warmer by $1^{\circ}C$ in daily maximum temperature than "horizontal reference" and the north facing location was cooler by $0.8^{\circ}C$ than the reference, resulting in the year round average south-north temperature difference of $1.8^{\circ}C$. In November, both south and north facing slopes showed the greatest deviation of $+2.0^{\circ}C$ and $-1.3^{\circ}C$, respectively in daily maximum temperature at monthly scale. On a daily scale, the greatest deviation was +3.8 and $2.7^{\circ}C$ at the south and north slope, respectively. The cumulative solar irradiance (on the slope for 4 hours from 11:00 to 15:00 TST) explained >60% of the variance in daily maximum temperature deviations among 8 locations, suggesting a feasibility of developing an estimation model for daily maximum temperature over complex topography at landscape scales.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.163-174
• /
• 2015

Urbanization caused various environmental problems like destruction of natural water cycle and increased urban flood. To solve these problems, LID(Low Impact Development) deserves attention. The main objective of LID is to restore the water circulation to the state before the development. In the previous studies about the LID, the runoff reduction effect is mainly discussed and the effects of each techniques of LID depending on rainfall types have not fully investigated. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of LID using the quantitative simulation of rainwater runoff as well as an amount of infiltration according to the rainfall and LID techniques. To evaluate the water circulation of LID on the development area, new land development areas of Hanam in South Korea is decided as the study site. In this research, hydrological model named STORM is used for the simulation of water balance associated with LID. Rainfall types are separated into two categories based on the rainfall intensity. And simulated LID techniques are green roof, permeable pavement and swale. Results of this research indicate that LID is effective on improvement of water balance in case of the low intensity rainfall event rather than the extreme event. The most effective LID technique is permeable pavement in case of the low intensity rainfall event and swale is effective in case of the high intensity rainfall event. The results of this study could be used as a reference when the spatial plan is made considering the water circulation.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.175-189
• /
• 2015

The objective of this study was to analyze characteristics of distribution of amphibian species and the affecting ecological factors. For the study, habitat environment factors were determined and applied to a habitat suitability model for the data collected from the Seom River in Hoengseong County and Wonju City, Gangwon Province, Korea between March 2013 to October 2013. The analyzed amphibian species were Rana nigromaculata, Hyla japonica, Rana dybowski, and Rana rugosa Temminck and Schlegel, and a logistic regression model was used with the pseudo-absence data. The result of the model analysis suggests that the major factors for Rana nigromaculata are distance to vegetation and rock and that for Hyla japonica is waterway. Rana dybowski and Rana rugosa Temminck and Schlegel have similar habitat characteristics, but the latter is shown to be dominant due to its wider habitat preference. According to the species richness model, the analyzed amphibian species are shown to have tendency to move between valleys or streams. This study quantitatively analyzed habitat environment characteristics using species distribution model, however, there is a limitation in terms of analysis on food factor and connectivity with other species. Combined with additional density or habitat analysis on birds or fish, this study can lead to more comprehensive analysis on biological environment factors.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.279-290
• /
• 2018

The importance of monitoring and assessing the status of urban forests in the aspect of urban forest management is emerging as urban forest edges increase due to urbanization and human impacts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of vegetation condition of urban forest edge that is affected by different land cover types using $NDVI_{max}$ images derived from FSDAF (Flexible Spatio-temporal DAta Fusion). Among 4 land cover types,roads had the greatest effect on the forest edge, especially up to 30m, and it was found to affect up to 90m in Seoul urban forest. It was also found that $NDVI_{max}$ increased with distance away from the forest edge. The results of this study are expected to be useful for assessing the effects of land cover types and land cover change on forest edges in terms of urban forest monitoring and urban forest management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 2007

A/R CDM(Afforestation/Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism) in Kyoto Mechanism means, either afforestation in the area used for other purposes more than 50 years or reforestation in the area used for other purposes on December 31st in 1989. South Korea has few sites due to the successful forestation in the past, but North Korea has not reforested the deforested lands since the mid-1970's. So these areas need to apply A/R CDM Project for restoration. The purposes of this study are to make a time series analysis in deforested areas and to estimate a feasibility of A/R CDM. To find the site satisfying A/R CDM business definition, land cover classification was applied using satellite images of the mid-1970's with good forestation, late 1980's including A/R CDM base year, and recent 2000's, and the chronological change was analyzed to categorize the possible sites. The North Korean topographical map of 1977 was used to verify land cover classification degree of 1970's, the land cover classification results made by the Ministry of Environment in 2000 were compared to verify the accuracy of 1980's results, and the land cover classification results in 2000's were verified by 2 site visits. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The eligible A/R CDM sites are 605,156ha on the basis of the forestation change analysis in North Korea. Since the mid-1970's, 30.8% of the decreased forestation area of 1,966,306ha was classified into A/R CDM eligible sites. While other countries have the limited eligible sites, which has not been used for forestation since 1989 or which is being scattered, North Korea has large scale sites. Deforested sites are mainly around road and residential area, consequently give better accessibility for forestation than other countries. In conclusion, it is found that North Korea can provide efficient site for applying A/R COM Project to forestation restoring deforested land because of easy accessibility and existence of many possible sites due to artificial deforestation. Also, it is meaningful that the study suggests the application possibility of A/R COM Project to restore deforested land in North Korea and the related basic information through the chronological classification of the mid-1970's with good forestation, the late-1980's including A/R COM base year, and recent 2000's. It is expected that the study contributes to revitalization of A/R CDM Project and related research on North Korea forestation.