• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.679-700
• /
• 2013

Due to the decline of a rural community, traditional periodic markets regarded as a center of an agricultural village have been gradually downsized. While researchers have made a counterproposal to revitalize the traditional periodic markets, there has limit in examining how space structure of the traditional periodic markets affect visitors. Thus this study aims to analyze space structure and visitor circulation using a space syntax, a quantitative analysis focusing on PyeongChang Daehwa market. The finding revealed high degree of unification and clearness which means overall space structure was efficient for visitors to recognize and move across the space. However, there is required to build strategies encouraging consumption. The result of analyzing visitor circulation showed the degree of unification is the highest in visitor circulation where center of the market or main facilities is located. In sum, in order to revitalize deserted traditional periodic markets, rural communities need to work out strategies to encourage consumption and expand both information desk and convenience facilities.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 2019

Poultry is one of the three major meats in Korea and is a representative source of protein. The annual per capita consumption of chicken has been showing steady growth trends, with an increase of approximately 89% in 2018 compared to that of 2005. In this study, we investigated the domestic chicken production and consumption, and conducted an overall study on the domestic chicken industry. By using consumer panel data, we analyzed the characteristics of consumers buying chicken. Specifically, poultry was categorized into two types: traditional raw chicken and processed chicken, which emphasizes convenience. The purchase of raw chickens has generally been on the decline. From these, however, the proportion of native Korean chicken and chicken cuts is on the rise. Processed chicken, on the other hand, continues to grow, especially online. After examining the consumption characteristics of consumers who buy chicken, it was found that the purchase share increased with increasing age of native Korean chickens, whereas the purchase share increased with decreasing age of processed chicken. Based on these results, we confirmed that it is necessary to establish differentiated marketing and promotion strategies for each consumer target for the growth of chicken market.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.10
• /
• pp.5189-5193
• /
• 2012

Kemerovo is an industrial region of the Russian Federation characterized by highly developed mining, chemical, metallurgical and power industries. Many of the factories were closed down due to the socioeconomical crisis in the early 90's, and economic potential of the survivors has also decreased significantly. Paradoxically, this has led to the improvement of the ecological situation in the region and elimination of exposure to many chemical carcinogens. This factor, in combination with the improvement of oncological care, might be expected to have lead to a decline of cancer incidence and mortality in the region. To assess trends of cancer incidence and mortality in Kemerovo Region, we therefore carried out an analysis of relevant epidemiological data during 1991-2010. In fact, a significant increase of cancer incidence overall was revealed during 2001-2010. Male cancer incidence was significantly higher than female cancer incidence. Regarding gastric cancer incidence, statistically significant differences during 2001-2010 were found only for men, and male incidence exceeded female incidence. Concerning colorectal cancer incidence, it was lower during 2001-2005 and 2006-2010 as compared to the period of 1991-1996. Lung cancer incidence was significantly higher during 1991-2000 compared to 2001-2010. Among urban populations, cancer incidence was higher in comparison with rural population, but a gradual steady convergence of trends of cancer incidence among urban and rural populations was noted. Lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, and gastric cancer are the most prevalent cancer forms in Kemerovo Region. There were no differences in cancer mortality between 2001-2005 and 2006-2010; however, male cancer mortality exceeded female cancer mortality. A similar situation was observed for gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. Cancer mortality among urban populations exceeded mortality among rural population, for both genders. We suggest that these data can be used for development of modern programs of cancer prevention and early diagnostics in industrial regions of Siberia.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
• /
• no.1
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2001

Residents of urban area like to be near rural animals during their daily life, so it is important conserve the suburban Yato landscape in Japan. This study targets the species of frogs that are commonly found in Yato paddies. It is necessary to various frogs inhabiting in Yato, because frogs are popular among Japanese, who as children enjoy capturing tadpoles and frogs. Its purpose is to clarify how that composition of frog species changes when the functionality of a frog habitat is diminished by urbanization. The survey, conducted in the Eastern Kanagawa area in central Japan, determined the distribution of each species of frog in grid cells measuring 0.5-$\textrm{km}^2$. It hsows wide distributing species (Hyla japonica; they always inhabit in all paddies), the middle range distributing species (Rhacophorus schlegelii and Rana porosa p.), the limited range distributing species (R. rugosa; they are most critical species, sine they are recognized only two cells), and so on. Correspondence analysis based on the frog species composition in each cell was performed to ascertain the adaptability of each species to various paddy field conditions. The results allowed us to classify cells into four groups according to the composition of the inhabiting species. And we recognized that the process by which frogs disappear occurs in reaction to either of two patterns of change. As paddy fields are improved by farmland consolidation, R. rugosa, R. ornativentris, R. japonica, and Bufo. japonica f. decline rapidly. In plateau areas, a smore andmore paddies are converted into strong, well-drained fields, only H. japonica and R. porosa p. remain. But in hilly areasd, the species composition becomes only H. japonica and R. schlegelii. Finally, we discuss the concept of ecological urban design in the context of the conservation of frog species in Yato paddies.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 1996

This study examines the spatial characteristics of postal office patronage in rural areas. in the light of future possible relocation and closures of the postal facilities. Most of private services have flown out small rural central places due to the decrease of supporting population, and there consequently remain only a few public services including government-run post offices at the Myon seats, the lowest level among rural central places in Korea. The small local population and its further decline undermine the rationale for maintaining such public services in depleted rural areas. For the worse of it, the government recently plans to transform the postal system to a quasi-private, corporational structure. One can fear that the profit-seeking nature of the new postal corporation will inevitably force to close many of such small rural facilities. The study first analysed nation-wide censuses of postal offices for the years of 1986 and 1992. The postal services examined are per capita number of postal stamps and revenue stamps sold, and letters, parcels, telegrams and monetary transactions handled at the post offices. It is found that, while the usage of postal services has increased substantially throughout the nation during the period of 1986-1992, the increment has largely been occurred by urban post offices rather than by those in Gun seats (i.e., rural counties); and that the gap of the service levels between urban and rural post offices is ever widening. The study further examined the service differentials among the post offices within rural counties to find that those post offices adjacent to the county (Gun) seats and larger urban centers rendered less amount of services than remote rural post offices, indicating that rural residents tend to partonize larger centers more and more than local Myon seats. At the second stage of the study, questionnaire surveys were conducted in Muju, Kimpo, and Hongsung-Gun's. These three counties are meant to represent respectively the remote, suburban, and intermediary counties in Korea. The analyses of survey data reveal that the postal hinterlands of the county seats extend to much of nearby Myons, the subdivisions of a Gun. It is also found that the extent of postal hinterlands of the three counties and the magnitude of patronage and quite different from each other depending upon the topography, population density, and the propinquity of the counties to metropolitan centers. The findings suggest to reappraise the current flat allocation scheme of public facilites to each of rural subdivisions throughout the nation. A detailed analysis on the travel behavior of the survey respondents yields that age is the most salient variable to distinguish activity spaces of rural residents. The activity spaces of older respondents tend to be more limited within their Myon, whereas those of younger respondents extend across the Myon boundary, toward the central towns and even distant larger cities. The very existence of several activity spaces in rural areas calls for an attention in the future locational decisions of public facilities. The locational criteria, employed by the Ministry of Communication of Korean government to establish a post office, are the size of hinterland population and the distance from adjacent postal facilities. The present study findings suggest two additional criteria: the order in rural central place hierarchy and the propinquity to the upper-level centers of the central hierarchy. These old and new criteria are complementary each other in that the former criteria are employed to determine new office locations, whereas the latter are appropriate to determine facility relocation and closures.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.36 no.5_1
• /
• pp.667-677
• /
• 2020

Crop water stress can be detected based on soil moisture content, crop physiological characteristics and remote-sensing technology. The detection of crop water stress is an important issue for the accurate assessment of yield decline. The crop water stress index (CWSI) has been introduced based on the difference between leaf and air temperature. In this paper, drone-based thermal infrared image was used to map of crop water stress in water control plot (WCP) and water deficit plot (WDP) over spring chinese cabbage fields. The spatial distribution map of CWSI was in strong agreement with the abnormal growth response factors (plant height, plant diameter, and measured value by chlorophyll meter). From these results, CWSI can be used as a good method for evaluation of crop abnormal growth monitoring.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.58 no.4
• /
• pp.432-438
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to compare seed viability among 42 species after ten years of storage in the midterm storage complex ($4^{\circ}C$, 30-40% RH) at the National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAC) Korean genebank maintained by the Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea and to suggest the relative seed longevity and suitable monitoring intervals. The germination data from initial tests and after ten years of storage were compared to measure changes in viability during storage. The decline in seed viability varied greatly among seeds from -11.5% for Triticum sp. to 80% for melon. Coriander, crowndaisy, safflower, cosmos, Chinesebellflower, waxgourd, melon, castorbean, Welch-onion, hollyhock, wild barley, and tallfescue showed significant decreases in viability of 34.2%, 73.4%, 36.5%, 30.0%, 40.2%, 71.3%, 80.0%, 65.9%, 45.5%, 51.4%, 53.0%, and 33.5%, respectively. Gardenpea, soybean, perilla, onion, wild rice, Italian-ryegrass, and pepper showed a 15-30% decline in viability, while the viability of morningglory, adzukibean, maize, and Capsicum sp. decreased by 15% to 5%. Chicory, radish, Chinese-cabbage, bottlegourd, watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin, Cucurbita sp., groundnut, kidneybean, clubwheat, sesame, wheat, Triticum sp., rice, barley, orchardgrass, buckwheat, and wild tomato showed changes in viability of <5%. The changes in storage viability also varied within families. The wild types of rice and barley showed rapid viability loss and presented different aspects from cultivars. Since seed viability of species, classified as index 1 or 2, showed germination losses >15% after ten years of storage, a viability test should be conducted with five year intervals, while species with germination loss of <15% (in index 3 or 4) can be retested at ten year intervals.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.57 no.12
• /
• pp.47.1-47.10
• /
• 2015

Background: Knowledge of linkage disequilibrium (LD) levels among different populations can be used to detect genetic diversity and to investigate the historical changes in population sizes. Availability of large numbers of SNP through new sequencing technologies has provided opportunities for extensive researches in quantifying LD patterns in cattle breeds. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of linkage disequilibrium among Iranian cattle breeds using high density SNP genotyping data. Results: A total of 70 samples, representing seven Iranian indigenous cattle breeds, were genotyped for 777962 SNPs. The average values of LD based on the $r^2$ criterion were computed by grouping all syntenic SNP pairwises for intermarker distances from 0 Kb up to 1 Mb using three distance sets. Average $r^2$ above 0.3 was observed at distances less than 30 Kb for Sistani and Kermani, 20 Kb for Najdi, Taleshi, Kurdi and Sarabi, and 10 Kb for Mazandarani. The LD levels were considerably different among the Iranian cattle breeds and the difference in LD extent was more detectable between the studied breeds at longer distances. Lower level of LD was observed for Mazandarani breed as compared to other breeds indicating larger ancestral population size in this breed. Kermani breed continued to have more slowly LD decay than all of the other breeds after 3 Kb distances. More slowly LD decay was observed in Kurdi and Sarabi breeds at larger distances (>100 Kb) showing that population decline has been more intense in more recent generations for these populations. Conclusions: A wide genetic diversity and different historical background were well reflected in the LD levels among Iranian cattle breeds. More LD fluctuation was observed in the shorter distances (less than 10 Kb) in different cattle populations. Despite of the sample size effects, High LD levels found in this study were in accordance with the presence of inbreeding and population decline in Iranian cattle breeds.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.309-316
• /
• 1994

To make regional comparisons of water status of pitch pine, the temporal changes of water status in pitch pine were investigated at different areas; urban Seoul (heavily polluted area), surburb of Seoul (lightly polluted area), and rural area (control). The effects of air pollutants, acid rain and chemical properties of soil on water deficit in pitch pine were also investiaged. Water content of needles growing at polluted areas were usually lower than that at unpolluted area. Water saturation deficit of needles growing at polluted areas were usually higher than that at unpolluted area especially in dry season. These results indicated that water in needles growing at polluted areas were usually more deficient than that at unpolluted area, and were more deficient in April than other months. At polluted areas, the older the needles were, the more quickly transpirated the water in the needle was. At unpolluted areas, however, water in old needles was not so quickly transpirated as those at polluted areas. Water potential of needles of pitch pine seedlings treated with simulated acid rain (SAR) of pH 3.5 decreased more quickly than that of needles treated with SAR of pH 5.6. Loss of water through epicuticular layer was greater in the following order: magnesium deficiency＋100 $\mu$M aluminium>100$\mu$M aluminium>magnesium deficiency>control. In addition to Mg deficiency and Al toxicity, growth decline of pitch pine widely occurring in polluated Seoul could to a large extent be due to cuticle degredation and abnormal vertical distribution of fine roots, which lead to water stress, particularly in dry seasons.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.104 no.2
• /
• pp.254-260
• /
• 2015

This paper assesses the tariff reduction on imported wood products that will have impact on the demand for domestic wood products in South Korea, by estimating the Armington substitution elasticities based on the assumption that they are imperfect substitutes. Results indicate that domestic and foreign wood products are far from perfect substitutes to each other. The substitution elasticities in plywood and fiberboard appeared to be high, implying that tariff reduction may have negative effects on those industries. On the contrary, imported and domestic particleboard showed a low substitution elasticity. The decline of fiberboard industry may lead to the decline in forestry since fiberboard is produced mainly by thinned woods supplied from domestic forests. Therefore, effective countermeasures to enhance the competitiveness of wood products industry are needed to cope with the market opening.