• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine characteristics of implant surface with RBM and anodizing treatments, and to evaluate the responses of osteoblast-like cell (MG-63 cell). Materials and methods: Grade IV titanium disks were fabricated (Diameter 10 mm, thickness 3 mm). Anodizing treatment (ASD) group, RBM and anodizing treatment (RBM/ASD) group, control (machined surface) group were divided. In this study, osteoblast-like cell was used for experiments. The experiments consist of surface characteristics evaluation by FE-SEM images, energy dispersive spectroscopy and stereo-SEM. In order to evaluate cell adhesion evaluation by crystal violet assay and observe cells form by confocal laser microscopy. To assess cell proliferation by XTT assay, cell differentiation by RT-PCR and mineralization by Alizarin red S stain assay. ELISA analyzer was used for Quantitative evaluation. Comparative analysis was run by one-way ANOVA (SPSS version 18.0). Differences were considered statistically significant at P<.05. Results: In ASD group and RBM/ASD group, the surface shape of the crater was observed and components of oxygen and phosphate ions in comparison with the control group were detected. The surface average roughness was obtained $0.08{\pm}0.04{\mu}m$ in the control group, $0.52{\pm}0.14{\mu}m$ in ASD group and $1.45{\pm}0.25{\mu}m$ in RBM/ASD group. In cell response experiments, ASD group and RBM/ASD group were significantly higher values than control group in cell adhesion and mineralization phase, control group was the highest values in the proliferative phase. In RT-PCR experiments, RBM/ASD group was showed higher ALP activity than other groups. RBM/ASD group in comparison with ASD group was significantly higher value for cell adhesion and proliferation phase. Conclusion: In the limitation of this study, we are concluded that the surface treatment with RBM/ASD seems more effective than ASD alone or machined surface on cellular response.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.790-798
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• 2014

The nutritional compositions and antioxidative activities of the Kimcheon lowbush and Pyungtaek highbush blueberries cultivated in South Korea were investigated. The approximate compositions, pH, and soluble-solid and mineral contents of P, Ca, Mg, Na, and Zn were determined. Both blueberry cultivars had mainly fructose and glucose as free sugars while disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose were not detected in both. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids were the major fatty acids in both types of blueberries. The total of 16 free amino acids, including seven essential and nine non-essential amino acids, were higher in the Pyungtaek highbush blueberry. Among the amino acids, arginine was especially much higher in the Pyungtaek highbush blueberry. The anthocyanin, resveratrol, and polyphenol compounds, which are the important biologically active compounds in blueberries, were found. The anthocyanin contents of the Kimcheon lowbush and Pyungtaek highbush blueberries were 22.0 and 18.1 mg/100 g, respectively; the resveratrol contents by HPLC, 0.12 and 0.11 mg/100 g; and the total polyphenol contents, 141.3 and 138.4 mg/100 g. The electron-donating ability determined based on the DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and it was higher than that of the Pyungtaek highbush blueberries, which implies that it is highly correlated with the higher amounts of total polyphenol, anthocyanin, and resveratrol in it. In conclusion, the two varieties of Korean blueberries can be suggested as potential sources of high-value-added functional foods.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.161-170
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• 2018

The epidemic of disorders associated with synthetic stimulants, such as methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AP), is a health, social, legal, and financial problem. Owing to the high potential of their abuse and addiction, reliable analytical methods are required to detect and identify MA, AP, and their metabolites in biological samples. Thus, a dilute-and-shoot liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous determination of MA, 4-hydroxymethamphetamine (4HMA), AP, and 4-hydroxyamphetamine (4HA) in urine. Urine sample ($100{\mu}L$) was mixed with $50{\mu}L$ of mobile phase consisting of 0.4 % formic acid and methanol and $50{\mu}L$ of working internal-standard solution. Aliquots of $8{\mu}L$ diluted urine was injected into the LC-MS/MS system. For all analytes, chromatographic separation was performed using a C18 reversed-phase column with gradient elution and a total run time of 5 min. The identification and quantification were performed by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Linear least-squares regression was conducted to generate a calibration curve, with $1/x^2$ as the weighting factor. The linear ranges were 2.0-200, 1.0-800, and 10-2500 ng/mL for 4HA and 4HMA, AP, and MA, respectively. The inter- and intraday precisions were within 6.6 %, whereas the inter- and intraday accuracies ranged from -14.9 to 11.3 %. The low limits of quantification were 2.0 ng/mL (4HA and 4HMA), 1.0 ng/mL (AP), and 10 ng/mL (MA). The proposed method exhibited satisfactory selectivity, dilution integrity, matrix effect, and stability, which are required for validation. Moreover, the purification efficiency of high-speed centrifugation was clearly higher than 6-15 % for QC samples (n=5), which was higher than that of the membrane-filtration method. The applicability of the proposed method was tested by forensic analysis of urine samples from drug abusers.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.32-47
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• 2002

This study is a descriptive comparative investigated one to analyze nursing education system and curriculum of Korea and China trans-culturally. 1) Education System The basic level of nursing education in Korea consisted of 65 3-year- junior college of nursing (7379 students) and 48 4-year-bachelor of nursing college (2345 students) in 2000 showing more 3-year-junior college of nursing and its students. In China, western nursing as well as Chinese nursing education system were operating. In 2000, 501 western school of middle technical nursing, 29 school of middle technical nursing of middle level education, and 89 3-year western and 24 Chinese junior college of nursing, and 42 4-year western bachelor of nursing college and 10 Chinese of high level education have been established. The presence of Chinese school of middle technical nursing system seemed to be in slower development in nursing than Korea, but that of Chinese nursing education seemed to be advanced with its national identification prior to Korea. Post graduate continuous education for RN-Diploma and RN-BSN program has been opened as in Korea. The Hosa(護士) system in school of middle technical nursing in China reflects lower level of education than Korea. But it can be a merit, other than in Korea, without nurses aids, when they are acting under supervision of nurses and led by them, and there presents a special course for promotion up to high level education. Graduate school in Korea is divided into general type opening a curriculum for MS in 1960 and as of 2000, 21 general types for majoring in nursing. The PhD course in Korea was established in 1978, and after that the PhD courses have been opening in 14 universities at present. China established master degree course in 1991 and as of 7 colleges are ongoing, and the doctoral course is now under planning, resulting slower development than Korea. 2) Education of theory and clinical practice in Korea and Chine (1) Korea's 3-year junior nursing college have 51 subjects, 49 subjects in China, which was not different. China was following education of ideology and medical. 4-year Bachelor of Science College has 92 subjects in Korea with cultural subjects and essential major studies/elective in theory education in Korea, while 63 subjects in China, showed wider selection in Korea's education. (2) Korea's 3-year and 4-year nursing colleges performed clinical practice education parallel with theoretical education for a certain period, block or theory/practice system. While China's 3-year and 4 or 5-year-colleges educated the theory first and then practice for one year in the last grade, integrating each situation of the departments and the theory. (3) Korea's oriental nursing theory in nursing education was performed in 28 colleges of 65 nationwide ones of 3-year junior nursing colleges, but only one school was educating clinical practice. In 4-year bachelor of nursing colleges, the oriental nursing theory was done in 14 among 48 investigated. And 1-4 subjects of them were doing, and 4 schools performed of clinical practice, showing more reinforced than the junior colleges. China's 3-year and 4-5-year western nursing colleges taught two subjects of Chinese medicine nursing. China's 3-year & 4-5-year College of Chinese medicine nursing, theory of Chines medicine nursing education taught eight subjects. (4) 5-year colleges of Chinese medicine western integrated nursing, theory of Chinese medicine nursing education consisted of twelve Chinese medicine nursing subjects and two of Chinese medicine western integrated nursing subjects. China was tempting a new development of a pattern of Chinese medicine nursing subjects reinforced. 3) The verification of Korean and Chinese nurse's license. The verification test of Chinese nurses license is differentiated at the level of education other than in Korea. Expire date is 2 years and a qualified test must be done to a renewal. And the continuing education hours are 72 per year, which is more enforced than Korean nurses (10 hours a year). In accordance with WTO regulations, we should prepare for opening foreign hospital, educating oriental nursing subjects. And on this, it is recommendable to settle a basic frame research to run the oriental nursing practice ongoing. 1. It is desirable to develop the oriental nursing subjects to apply its idea to the western nursing and differentiate Korean nursing. 2. It is desirable to certify oriental nurse's characters, to expand and develop the nursing areas to practice it, and to establish the oriental nursing system. 3. It is expectable to promote Korean nursing specialization to develop the oriental nursing as a professional and to create its demand.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 2000

A U.S EPA Synthetic soil matrix was used for reference neat soil and pyrene contaminated soil. For the contaminated soil, 4.79 wt.% pyrene was dissolved completely into the djchlorornethane, and the soil was evenly soaked with the pyrene solution. The contaminated soil samples(50$\pm$0.5mg) were heated in a modified electrical screen heater reactor which consisted of a thin stainless foil (3.5cm$\times$13cm$\times$0.00254cm, 302 stainless steel shim), two electrodes, and a 20cm dia. $\times$30cm tall cylindrical Pyrex chamber sealed at both ends by aluminum flanges. The heating rate and time conditions were selected as $455^{\circ}C$ @ $1137^{\circ}C$ /s, $760^{\circ}C$ @ $950^{\circ}C$ /s and $977^{\circ}C$ @ $977^{\circ}C$/s. Tar samples after heating the soils were collected on the aluminum foil funnel and a glass filter paper (25mm dia. filter paper) The tar sample and remnant soil on the reactor were extracted with dichloromethane covering the filters, foils and soil by sonicating each in the waterbath for 10 minutes. The extractions were run on a HPLC. At the low peak temperature(about $455^{\circ}C$ @ $1137^{\circ}C$/s) the color of tar was "white", at the middle peak temperature (about 76$0^{\circ}C$ @ 95$0^{\circ}C$/s) the color of tar was "pink brown", at the high peak temperature (about 977$^{\circ}C$ @ 977$^{\circ}C$/s) the color of tar was "dark brown". Cyclopeta(cd)pyrene (CPEP) , which is an interesting species due to mutagenic effect on human cells, was detected in tar samples only above the middle peak temperature. This species was not detected at the low peak temperature. Six isomers of bipyrene were detected. Phenanthrene(C$_{14}$ $H_{10}$) and cyclopenta(def)phenanthrene(C$_{15}$ $H_{10}$) were also detected, but their content was very small relative to the other listed compounds.to the other listed compounds.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.77-88
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• 2008

There has been growing demands to manage the water quality of west coastal region due to the large scale urbanization along the coastal zone, the possibility of application of TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Loadings) to Han river, and the natural disaster such as oil spill incident in Taean, Chungnam. However, no system has been developed for such purposes. In this background, the demand of GIS based effective water quality management has been increased to monitor water quality environment and propose best management alternatives for Han river and Kyeonggi bay. This study mainly focused on the development of integrated water quality management system for Han river bas in and its estuary are a connected to Kyeonggi bay to support integrated water quality management and its plan. Integration was made based on GIS by spatial linking between water quality attributes and location information. A GIS DB was built to estimate the amount of generated and discharged water pollutants according to TMDL technical guide and it included input data to use two different water quality models--W ASP7 for Han river and EFDC for coastal area--to forecast water quality and to suggest BMP(Best management Practices). The results of BOD, TN, and TP from WASP7 were used as the input to run EFDC. Based on the study results, some critical areas which have relatively higher pollutant loadings were identified, and it was also identified that the locations discharging water pollutant loadings to river and seasonal factor affected water quality. And the relationship of water quality between river and its estuary area was quantitatively verified. The results showed that GIS based integrated system could be used as a tool for estimating status-quo of water quality and proposing economically effective BMPs to mitigate water pollution. Further studies need to be made for improving system's capabilities such as adding decision making function as well as cost-benefit analysis, etc. Also, the concrete methodology for water quality management using the system need to be developed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.484-489
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• 2004

Artificial joint replacement is one of the major surgical advances of the 21th century. The primary purpose of a TKA (Total Knee Arthroplasty) is to restore normal knee Auction. Therefore, ideally, a TKA should: (a) maintain the natural leverage of the knee joint muscles to ensure generating adequate knee muscle moments to accomplish daily tasks such as rising from a chair or climbing stairs;(b) allow the same range of motion as an complete knee; and (c) provide adequate knee joint stability. Four individuals (2 peoples after surgery one year and 2 peoples after surgery three years) participated in this study. All they were prescreened for health and functional status by the same surgeon who performed the operations. Two days of accommodation practice occurred prior to the actual strength testing. The isometric strength (KIN-COM III) of the quadriceps and hamstring were measured at 60$^\circ$ and 30$^\circ$ of knee flexion, respectively. During isokinetic concentric testing, the range of motion was between 10$^\circ$ to 80$^\circ$ of knee flexion (stand-to-sit) and extension (sit-to-stand). for a given test, the trial exhibiting maximum torque was analyzed. A 16-channel MYOPACTM EMG system (Run Technologies, Inc.) was used to collect the differential input surface electromyographic (EMG) signals of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis(VL), rectus femoris (RF) during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit tests. Disposable electrodes (Blue SensorTM, Medicotest, Inc.) were used to collect the EMG signals. The results were as follows; 1. Less maximum concentric (16% and 21% less for 1 yew man and 3 years mm, respectively) and isometric (12% and 29%, respectively) quadriceps torque for both participants. 2.14% less maximum hamstrings concentric torque for 1 year man but 16% greater torque for 3 years mm. However, 1 year man had similar hamstring isometric peak torque for both knees. 3. Less quadriceps co-contraction by 1 year man except for the VM at 10$^\circ$-20$^\circ$ and 30$^\circ$-50$^\circ$ range of knee flexion.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.211-253
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• 2005

Recently, the Korean Supreme Court released two important decisions concerning damages for the pain and suffering from Aircraft noise. The local people who are living near the Air Force practice site at Maehyang-ri and the Kimpo International Airport brought lawsuits against the Korean government requesting damages for their financial loss from the severe noise and the damages for their pain and suffering. Plaintiffs alleged that they suffered physical malfunctions, extreme disturbances and the reduction of property values from the extreme noises which were daily repeated. District Court of Seoul Province did not allow plaintiffs all but the damages for pain and suffering. Plaintiffs could not prove the causation between their financial loss and the noise. The Supreme Court confirmed the lower court's decision. Article V of the National Compensation Act (analogous to the Federal Tort Claims Act of the USA) reads, "the government shall be liable for any loss caused by the defect on establishment or maintenance of public facilities." In the two cases, the major issue was whether the government's establishment or maintenance of Air Force practice site and the airport was defective because they caused serious noise to surrounding neighbors. Previously, the Supreme Court interpreted the clause "defect on establishment or maintenance of public facilities" as failure of duty to provide safety measures to the degree generally required to ordinary manager. However the Court at this time interpreted differently that the defect could be found if the facility caused to any person loss to the degree intolerable. In the two cases the Court confirmed the lower court's finding that noise level at the site was severe enough to be intolerable. This standard is based on the severity of the loss rather than the failure of duty. It became easier for plaintiffs to prove the cause of action under this interpretation. The consequence of the ruling of these two cases is 'rush to the courtroom' by the local people at similar situations. The ruling of these two cases was not appropriate both in theory and in consequence. The Korean tort system is basically based on the theory of negligence. Strict liability is exceptional only when there is special legislation. The Court created strict liability rule by interpreting the Art. V of the National Compensation Act. This is against the proper role of the court. The result of the cases is also dismal. The government was already sued by a number of local people for damages. Especially the Department of Defense which is operating many airports nationwide has financial hardship, which will cause downsizing military practice by the Air Force in the long run, This is no good to anyone. Tens of millions of dollars which might be used for compensation might be better used to prevent further noise problem surrounding airports.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.115-134
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• 1991

The role of pension plans in the macroeconomy has been a subject of much interest for some years. It has come to be recognized that pension plans may alter basic macroeconomic behavior patterns. The net effects on both savings and labor supply are thus matters for speculation. The aim of the present paper is to provide quantitative results which may be helpful in attaching orders of magnitude to some of the possible effects. We are not concerned with the providing empirical evidence relating to actual behavior, but rather with deriving the macroeconomic implications for a alternative possibilities. The pension plan interacts with the economy and the population in a number of ways. Demographic variables may thus affect both the economic burden of a national pension plan and the ability of the economy to sustain the burden. The tax transfer process associated with the pension plan may have implications for national patterns of saving and consumption. The existence of a pension plan may have implications also for the size of the labor force, inasmuch as labor force participation rates may be affected. Changes in technology and the associated changes in average productivity levels bear directly on the size of the national income, and hence on the pension contribution base. The vehicle for the analysis is a hypothetical but broadly realistic simulation model of an economic- demographic system into which is inserted a national pension plan. All income, expenditure, and related aggregates are in real terms. The economy is basically neoclassical; full employment is assumed, output is generated by a Cobb-Douglas production process, and factors receive their marginal products. The model was designed for use in computer simulation experiments. The simulation results suggest a number of general conclusions. These may be summarized as follows; - The introduction of a national pension plan (funded system) tends to increase the rate of economic growth until cost exceeds revenue. - A scheme with full wage indexing is more expensive than one in which pensions are merely price indexed. - The rate of technical progress is not a critical element in determining the economic burden of the pension scheme. - Raising the rate of benefits affects its economic burden, and raising the age of eligibility may decrease the burden substantially. - The level of fertility is an element in determining the long-run burden. A sustained low fertility rate increases the proportion of the aged in total population and increases the burden of the pension plan. High fertility has inverse effects.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.409-428
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• 2018

Yeongdong area is located on the border zone between Precambrian Yeongnam massif and central southeastern Ogcheon metamorphic belt, in which Cretaceous Yeongdong sedimentary basin exists. Main geology in this area consists of Precambrian Sobaeksan gneiss complex, Mesozoic igneous and sedimentary rocks and Quaternary alluvial deposits. Above this, age-unknown Ogcheon Supergroup, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and Tertiary granites also occur in small scale in the northwestern part. This study focuses on the link between the various geology and Rn concentrations in groundwater. For this, twenty wells in alluvial/weathered zone and sixty bedrock aquifer wells were used. Groundwater sampling campaigns were twice run at wet season in August 2015 and dry season in March 2016. Some wells placed in alluvial/weathered part of Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Jurassic granite terrains, as well as Cretaceous porphyry, showed elevated Rn concentrations in groundwater. However, detailed geology showed the distinct feature that these high-Rn groundwaters in metamorphic and granitic terrains are definitely related to proximity of aquifer rocks to Cretaceous porphyry in the study area. The deeper wells placed in bedrock aquifer showed that almost the whole groundwaters in biotite gneiss and schist of Sobaeksan gneiss complex and in Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of Yeongdong basin have low level of Rn concentrations. On the other hand, groundwaters occurring in rock types of granitic gneiss or granite gneiss among Sobaeksan gneiss complex have relatively high Rn concentrations. And also, groundwaters occurring in the border zone between Triassic Cheongsan granites and two-mica granites, and in Jurassic granites neighboring Cretaceous porphyry have relatively high Rn concentrations. Therefore, to get probable and meaningful results for the link between Rn concentrations in groundwater and surrounding geology, quite detailed geology including small-scaled dykes or vein zones should be considered. Furthermore, it is necessary to take account of the spatial proximity of well location to igneous rocks associated with some mineralization/hydrothermal alteration zone rather than in-situ geology itself.