• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1270-1274
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• 2005

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in angiogenesis, which is a process where new blood vessels develop from the endothelium of a pre-existing vasculature. VEGF exerts its activity by binding to its receptor tyrosine kinase, KDR/Flk-1, which is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. A methanol extract and organic solvent (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, aqueous) fractions from Rubus coreanus were examined for their inhibitory effects on VEGF binding to the VEGF receptor. The methanol extract from the crude drug were found to significantly inhibit VEGF binding to the VEGF receptor ($IC_{50}$$\thickapprox$27 $\mu$g/mL). Among the fractions examined, the aqueous fraction from the medicinal plant showed potent inhibitory effects against the binding of KDR/Flk-1-Fc to immobilized $VEGF_{165}$ in a dose­dependent manner ($IC_{50}$$\thickapprox$11 $\mu$g/mL). Sanguiin H-6 was isolated as an active principle from the aqueous fraction, and inhibited the binding of KDR/Flk-1-Fc to immobilized $VEGF_{165}$ in a dose­dependent manner ($IC_{50}$$\thickapprox$0.3 $\mu$g/mL). In addition, sanguiin H-6 efficiently blocked the VEGF­induced HUVEC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner ($IC_{50}$$\thickapprox$7.4 $\mu$g/mL) but had no effect on the growth of HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. This suggests that sanguiin H-6 might be a potential anti-angiogenic agent.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.45-50
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• 2020

Objective : This study was performed to evaluate the toxicity after a single oral administration of black raspberry extract to male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and to determine the approximate lethal dose (ALD). Methods : We previously showed that the black raspberry extract repressed the simvastatin-mediated expression of Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and improved Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) uptake by hepatocytes through the induction of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor expression in hepatocytes. The groups consisted of black raspberry extract groups, as an oral dose of 2,000 mg/kg and a control group. 5 weeks SD rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 5 rats. Each male and female SD rats were administered orally once. For 14 days after the administration, mortality, clinical signs, changes in body weight, and necropsy findings were observed according to the "Standard for Toxicity Study of Pharmaceuticals" of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guideline and "Acute Oral Toxicity- Fixed Dose Procedure" of OECD Test Guideline. Results : There were no cases of mortality in the group administered with 2,000 mg/kg of male and female, and no abnormalities in body weight change and clinical signs. Also, no gross abnormalities were observed at the autopsy. Conclusions : As a result of a single oral administration of the black raspberry extract to SD rats, the ALD was determined to exceed 2,000 mg/kg for both male and female SD rats.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.62-64
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• 2012

Anthracnose was occurred on black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) grown at Gochang areas of Korea during the period of 2003-2009. Black raspberry was afflicted by anthracnose with initial lesion of dark brown circular spots on the naturally infected stems and petioles. The irregular spots was either fused or progressed into circular or elliptical shape. The causal fungi of anthracnose were isolated from the diseased plants and identified as Colltotrichum gloeosporioides, C. coccodes and C. acutatum based on the morphological and cultural characteristics. All isolates of C. gloeosporioides, C. coccodes and C. acutatum produced similar symptoms under pathogenic examination through artificial inoculation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.700-709
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• 2002

To develop a natural food preservatives from medicinal herbs (62 species), antimicrobial test was performed with hot water and ethanol extracts against Escherchia coli, Listeria monocytogens and Candida albicans by paper disk method. And its result as a first screening test, 7 kinds of medicinal herbs were selected, and more precise analysis was conducted at last 3 kinds of medicinal herbs was finally selected. Therminalia chebula Retz and Rhus javanica has a broad antimicrobial spectrums and has a low MIC values. In growth inhibition test, they showed a very strong antimicrobial activity aganist Listeria monocytogens. If there has a elaborate approaches in its characteristics and properties, some good result must followed in making a powerful natural antimicrobial preservatives.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1060-1077
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• 2021

Food additives are required to maintain the freshness and quality of foods, particularly meats. However, chemical additives may not be preferred by consumers, and natural materials with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects may be used as replacements for common chemical additives. Accordingly, in this study, we compared the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of natural compounds extracted with ethanol and hot water, and emulsion sausage prepared with natural ethanol extracts was analyzed for pH, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and Clostridium perfringens growth during storage. The antimicrobial activities of 49 natural extract candidates against Listeria monocytogenes, C. perfringens, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli were analyzed, and six natural materials with excellent antibacterial activities, i.e., Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. f. nakaiana (Araki) H. Ohba, Punica granatum L., Ecklonia cava, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner, and Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., and Rubus coreanus Miq. were evaluated to determine their total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The total polyphenol contents of ethanol extracts were higher than those of hot water extracts, whereas DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be higher in hot water extracts. The TBARS values of emulsion sausages were significantly increased as storage time increased, and the TBARS values of emulsion sausages prepared with natural extracts were lower than those of control sausages. Natural extract-treated emulsion sausages showed a 99% reduction in bacterial contents compared with untreated sausages on day 2, with greater than 99.9% reduction after day 3. Thus, these results demonstrated that natural extracts could have applications as natural preservatives in meat products.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use and perception of adults concerning bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) products. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 502 residents in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk area. According to the survey more females in their 20s responded than males (45.2 and 54.8%, respectively). In total, 82.6% of respondents had an income of under 4,000,000 won per month and most were living in the city. The results regarding knowledge about bokbunja products showed that the bokbunja wine score was highest (3.66), and intake frequency showed that over half of the respondents had never eaten bokbunja products. The preference for bokbunja wine by males was higher than that for females, whereas the others products showed higher scores for females than for males. When asked about how they knew about bokbunja products, 37.0% of males and 46.9% of females responded a family member or neighbor. When purchasing bokbunja products, males and females answered that they considered taste, country of origin, and manufacturer, and price. Approximately 48% of the respondents answered that they purchased bokbunja products in the grocery and department store. As a result, popularization of bokbunja products was based on product development and sales promotion, and the product development factor significantly influenced preference for bokbunja products.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effects of locally grown herbs (Mentha piperascens, PM; Rubus coreanus, RC; Tagetes patula, MG) on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chicken. A total of 600 1-d-old Ross male broiler chicks were divided into eight groups and were fed control diets (antibiotics-medicated or non-medicated commercial diets) or experimental diets (non-medicated diets containing 0.3 or 0.5% PM, 0.3 or 0.5% RC, or 0.3 or 0.5% MG) for 5wk. The body weight gains and feed conversion rates (FCRs) in all the groups that were fed diets containing PM, RC, or MG were significantly improved compared to those in the non-medicated control group (p<0.05). The relative weights of various organs, the serum cholesterol levels, and the GOT/GPT activities in all the groups were also not significantly different. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities in the groups that were fed diets containing 0.3% PM or 0.3% MG were significantly increased compared to those in the non-medicated control group (p<0.05). The number of cecal lactic-acid bacteria in the groups that were fed diets containing 0.3% PM or 0.5% RC tended to increase. The malondialdehyde contents in the leg muscles were significantly lowered by feeding with PM or MG (p<0.05). The physicochemical properties of the edible meat, including the shear force, water-holding capacity, heat loss, pH, and muscle color degrees $(CIEL^*.\;a^*.\;b^*)$, were not affected by the dietary treatments. It has been suggested that spontaneous Korean plants promote the growth of broilers and may delay lipid oxidation in edible muscles without any negative effect when added in broiler diets.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 2006

Many plant extracts are known to have antioxidative effects. However, their activities can be reduced or disappeared during mass production process. The purpose of this study is to compare antioxidative effects of edible plant extracts distributed in Korea. forty three kinds of edible plant extracts commercially available in Korea were selected and investigated for their total phenolics contents and antioxidative potentials(DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities). In contents of total phenolics, the commercial plant extracts from Artemisia annua(whole plant), Ilex paraguariensis(leaf, Silybum marianum(fruit and leaf, Ulmus pumila(bark), Coliolus versicolor(fruit), and Curcuma longa(root and stem) contained over 70 mg/g of powder, DPPH radical scavenging activities($SC_{50}$, 50% scavenging concentration) of A. annua, I. paraguariensis, Pinus densiflora(leaf),S. marianum, U. pumila, and C. longa were $53.96{\pm}0.81\;ppm,\;24.61{\pm}2.12\;ppm,\;35.96{\pm}1.11\;ppm,\;57.46{\pm}2.13\;ppm,\;55.25{\pm}1.65\;ppm\;and\;12.99{\pm}1.67ppm$, respectively, while that of positive control(vitamin C) was $3.86{\pm}0.81\;ppm$. $SC_{50}$ values against superoxide anion radical of A. annua, Cinnamomum zeylanicum(bark), I. paraguariensis, Rubus coreanus(fruit and leaf), Morus alba(leaf), P. densiflora, S. marianum, U. pumila, C. versicolor, C. longa, Perilla frutescens var. acuta(leaf), and H. sabdariffa(leaf and newer) were $53.21{\pm}1.83ppm,\;50.12{\pm}2.12ppm,\;5.59{\pm}0.84ppm,\;41.60{\pm}8.93ppm,\;20.19{\pm}0.97ppm,\;15.19{\pm}1.66ppm,\;21.20{\pm}1.88ppm,\;15.71{\pm}0.91ppm,\;55.48{\pm}2.42ppm,\;52.12{\pm}2.44ppm,\;23.80{\pm}1.98ppm\;and\;11.14{\pm}0.51ppm$, respectively($SC_{50}$ value of vitamin C: $9.61{\pm}0.93ppm$). In particular, both 1 paraguariensis and P. densiflora had high content of phenolics as well as high scavenging activities of DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical. Consequently, above two commercial extracts may be useful as a source of antioxidative nutraceutics.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.923-929
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the relations between soil chemical properties and Korean raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.) growth. Soils were collected from 54 sampling sites in 1 to 6 years old Korean raspberry cultivation fields (RCFs) at Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea. In RCF with two to six years old plants, soil pH and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ contents were higher at the leaf-emergence time, but EC, available phosphorus content, CEC, and total nitrogen content were higher at the harvesting time; especially at the harvesting time, the content of available phosphorus in the RCF with 3~6 years old plants were at least three times higher than in the RCF with 2 years old plants. Water-soluble anions ($Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${PO_4}^{2-}$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) in the RCF were also measured. The contents of ${NO_3}^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were always higher in the RCF with older plants than in the RCF with younger plants, which were not affected by sampling time and sampling locations (rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere sites). However, soils collected from non-rhizosphere at the leaf-emergence time contained higher ${PO_4}^{2-}$ content, but $Cl^-$ content was higher in the soils collected from rhizosphere at the harvesting time. In general, soils in the RCFs contained excess amounts of inorganic nutrients such as available phosphorus and exchangeable $K^+$. Thus, optimal levels of soil properties for Korean raspberry cultivation should be reconsidered.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.592-601
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• 2015

Rubus coreanus is known as Korean black raspberry, native to Korea, Japan, and China. Preliminary studies evaluating their potential for cancer treatment in mammalian test systems are ongoing. In recent years, interest has been renewed due to their high levels of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins in black raspberry are important due to their potential health benefits as dietary antioxidant, anti-inflammatory compound, and as a chemopreventive agent. In the present study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae BA29 was isolated from black raspberry fruit and fruit juice as a biogenic amine non-producing strain for manufacturing of black raspberry wine, after which we investigated its characteristics: biogenic amine-producing ability, cell growth ability, alcohol-fermentation ability, and resistance to alcohol, glucose, and sulfur dioxide. Based on preliminary experiments, we optimized culture medium compositions for improving dried cell weight of S. cerevisiae BA29 by response surface methodology (RSM) as a statistical method. Design for RSM used a central composite design, and molasses with the industrial applicability was used as a carbon source. Through statistical analysis, we obtained optimum values as follows: molasses 200 g/L, peptone 30 g/L, and yeast extract 40 g/L. For the model verification, we confirmed about 3-fold improvement of dried cell weight from 6.39 to 20.9167 g/L compared to basal yeast peptone dextrose medium. Finally, we manufactured black raspberry wine using S. cerevisiae BA29 and produced alcohol of 20.33%. In conclusion, S. cerevisiae isolated from black raspberry fruit and juices has a great potential in the fermentation of black raspberry wine.