• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.4-21
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• 2014

Korean government has taken positive policies, including making "An Basic Plan on the Conservation and Activation of the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty, UNESCO World Heritage", since 40 royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage in 2009. However, projects utilizing the royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty are in the beginning step and very few has been researched on those projects academically. This study analyzed total 311 projects utilizing the royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty, which have been made by the Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea from 2009 to 2014, through the literature review and content analysis methodology. An analysis frame consists of educational, touristic, compound and industrial activation on the basis of the utilization types made by the Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. Most projects utilizing the royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty are in the very beginning step in terms of educational and touristic utilization. No project utilizing the royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty in terms of industrial utilization is found. Those projects are almost similar without distinctive characteristics peculiar to each royal tombs. Most projects have been taken on the short term level and the budget size for those is not enough. Projects are mostly focused on the on-site of royal tombs with little paying attention to converging projects utilizing digital and on line techniques. Some suggestions are the followings: increase of the budget on projects utilizing the royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty, development of content peculiar to each tomb, development of industrial projects, development of converging projects utilizing digital and on line techniques, establishment of new medium and long term plans for utilization of the royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty and so on.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.453-457
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• 2020

Tomb No. 1 (Donghachong) of the Buyeo Neungsan-ri Tomb complex (listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site), is a royal tomb of the Baekje Sabi Period. One wooden coffin unearthed there is an important relic of the funerary culture of the Baekje. This study examines the production techniques of gilt-bronze objects attached to the wooden coffin excavated from Donghachong. The base metal of the gilt-bronze object is pure copper, with single α phase crystals in a heterogeneous form containing annealing twins; Au and Hg are detected in the gilt layer. We suggest that the surface of the forging copperplate is gilded using a mercury amalgam technique; it is thought that the annealing twins of the base material formed during the heat treatment process for the sheet metal. The gilt layer is three to five times thicker for the gilt-bronze objects found near the foot of the coffin than those near the head. We estimate the plating process is carried out at least three times because three layers are identified on the plate near the head. Therefore, it is likely that the materials and methods used to construct the gilt-bronze objects found in different parts of the coffin are the same, but the number of platings is different. This research confirms the metal crafting techniques used in Baekje by the examination of production techniques of these gilt-bronze objects. Further, our paper presents an important example of restoration and reconstruction for a museum exhibition, through effective use of scientific analysis and investigation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.33-45
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• 1987

The Seonjeong royal tomb is one of many historic sites in and around Seoul city and its natural environment and landscape have born damaged seriously by heavy use. So conservation planning with an estimation of reasonable carrying capacity shall be required In aspect of not only historic site conservation, but also urban forest and nature park management. Eight sites were sampled with clumped sampling method during July of 1986 and five quadrats were examined in each site. Environmental factors, actual vegetation, and environmental impact grade were investigated in field and vegetational structure was analyzed by estimation of importance value, species diversity, similarity index, DBH class distribution, etc. The result of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. Damage on soil and vegetation of middle and lower layer increased according to amount of users'impact. 2. Semi - natural vegetation covered 63% of the total area(22.2 ha) and its major species were Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Q mongolica, Sorbus alnifolia, etc. Pinus densiflora was a dominant species in heavy impact area. 3. Environmental impact grade 3, 4 and 5 area covered 51% of the seminatural vegetation, Especially, the area of impact grade 4 and 5 should be restored because self-refair seemed to be impossible. 4. The semi-natural vegetation was classified with four plant communities; two P.densiflora comm., Q. mongolica-P. densiflora comm. and Q. aliena comm. One of the P. densifolra comm. was destroyed seriously with no younger trees in middle and lower layer by overuse impact and would be bareland soon. But Q. aliena comm.in light impact area showed just completion of plant succession from P. densiflora comm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

Heungseon Daewonwang Lee Ha-eung was the father of King Gojong, who appointed as Daewongun in December 1863. On February 2, 1898, after the death of Heungseon Daewongun, he was buried in the Asodang in Gongdeok-dong, Mapo-gu, where he normally enjoyed. On August 24, 1907, he was promoted to Daewonwang. After being promoted to Daewonwang, the Asodang tomb was relocated to Daedeok-dong, Paju, and the tomb was promoted to Won. In the Wonchim space promoted to the facilities suitable for the original were created, and through this, it was possible to analyze the characteristics of the Wonchim and the Wonchim space of the tomb on the Heungwon. In addition, by comparing and analyzing the spatial composition between Myo and Won, it was possible to derive the spatial composition characteristics of the Joseon Dynasty Won(園), and Myo(墓). Looking at the research results derived through the analysis of 『Heungwon Cheonbong Registration』, tomb of Heungseon Daewongun, located in Asodang, Mapo-gu, was promoted to Heungseon Daewonwang, and was relocated as Jangneung in Uncheon-ri, Paju, the former tomb of King Injo. The promoted of tomb was also promoted from Myo to Won. In addition, the storehouses and facilities used in Mapo Asodang were moved to Uncheon-ri, Paju, and reused. Newly constructed monuments, Biseog, Chimgak, Jemulgo, Subokcheong, Hongsalmun, and Wells according to the promoted of the Won. It was confirmed that there is a difference in the spatial composition of Won and Myo when looking at the difference in the composition of the ornament objects and the facility.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.227-234
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• 2019

Hyochang Park was the royal tomb of the Joseon Dynasty, where were the tombs of Prince Munhyo and his birth mother Ui-bin Seong, king Soonjo's concubine Sook-Ui Park and Youngon princess by a concubine. It was upgraded from Hyochang tomb to Hyochangwon at King Gojong. The Japanese imperialism destroyed Hyochangwon and made it into a park, also moved to Seosamneung in 1944. After returning from Chongqing after liberation, Kimgu made the independence movement tomb in the empty space of Hyochang Park. There were 3 martyr's tomb, provisional government figure tomb. Kimgu himself was buried in Hyochang Park after his death in 1949. During the regime of Rhee Seung-man and Park Jeong-hee, there was a constant attempt to change the identity of Hyochang Park, where independence activists were buried. Hyochang Stadium, Wonhyo buddhist priest's Statue and North Korean Anti-Communist Tower were established. After democratization in 1987, the independence activist tomb of Hyochang Park began to gain meaning again. The 6th Republic succeeded the provisional government in the Constitution, also the national cemetery and independent park of Hyochang Park were attempted but the social consensus could not be achieved. This study focuses on the historical middle layer and symbolism of Hyochang Park and aims to contribute to social consensus on the identity of Hyochang Park by making a storytelling on the theme of 'Independence Road'.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.24-55
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• 2010

Jangmyeongdeung Lantern (貞陵長明燈) refers to the stone lantern placed in front of the royal tomb. It serves both symbolic and decorative purposes; symbolic because it is supposed to guard and illuminate the buried, and decorative because it is a work of sculpture that adorns the entire graveyard. The Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung was the earliest stone lantern to be produced during the Joseon period. Its square shape is unique among those from the early to mid-Joseon period. The three major parts of Jangmyeongdeung - the stand, the lantern, and the roof-shaped cover parts - are square in shape, differing from the octagonal shaped Jangmyeongdeung. The stand consists of three single stone blocks, the Hadaeseok(下臺石), Ganjuseok(竿柱石), and Sangdaeseok(上臺石). The Hwasaseok(火舍石), or the lantern part, is also a single stone block. Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung succeeds the style of those of Hyeon-neung and Jeongneung(玄正陵) of the Goryeo period and is of a better artistic quality. As the first Jangmyeongdeung lantern, it is a refined work of art that marks the foundation of the Joseon Kingdom. This paper tries to ascertain the stylistic origin of the square-shaped Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung and compare it with those of Buddhist temples. Consequently, similarities were found among the stone lanterns of Zen priests 'Jigong'(指空) and 'Nawong'(懶翁) in the Hweamsa Temple(檜巖寺) site from the late Goryeo period, those of Zen priest 'Muhak'(無學) of the Hweamsa Temple site, and those of national priest 'Bogak'(普覺) of Cheongnyongsa Temple(靑龍寺) from the early Joseon period. Primarily, this is because the three components(the stand, the lantern part, and the roof-shaped cover) are essentially square-shaped. Second, as the Ganjuseok(one of the components of the stand) became shorter, the stand took a more stable form. Third, the Hwasaseok(the lantern part) consists of two stone blocks joined together. Fourth, the roof-shaped cover is also in square in shape. Similarly, the Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung contains Buddhist elements as well. The three-bead pattern that decorates the Ganjuseok stand is an example. The three-bead pattern is one of the symbolic elements related to Tantric Buddhism. It is found on the diadems worn by Bodhisattvas from the Goryeo and early Joseon periods. The Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung in early Joseon directly influenced the production of the square-shaped stone lanterns used to decorate the tombs during the Joseon period. After the latter half of the 15th century, however, the octagonal-shaped Jangmyeongdeung style began to prevail. The Jangmyeongdeung of Jeongneung reflects the succession of the tradition of royal tombs from Goryeo to Joseon, the introduction of square-shaped stone lanterns to Buddhist temples, and the influence of the Buddhist philosophy of the time. It is a living testimony to various elements of each time and corresponding cultural trends.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 2012

Seonreung is the tomb of Seong-jong (A.D. 1457~1494), the 9th king of Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) and his second queen Jeonghyeon-wanghu (1462~1530). We obtained dendrochronological dates of Jeongjagak (ceremonial hall) of Seonreung. It was known first built in 1495 and reconstructed in October 1706, We obtained tree-ring dates of 20 wood elements (beams, pillars, truss posts, cant strips, roof boards and roof loaders). Their outermost rings were dated from 1630 to 1705. The dates of bark rings in four elements were A.D. 1705 with completed latewoods, indicating that these woods were cut some time between the autumn of 1705 and spring of 1706. The results confirmed the reconstruction date Jeongjagak of Seonreung in 1706, suggesting that there was not so long period for wood drying or storage, i.e., less than 6 months. The dates of outermost rings prior to 1705 in other elements indicated that some outer rings of these elements were removed during wood processing. Tree-ring dating proved that the present Jeongjagak of Seonreung had been well preserved for more than 300 years.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2013

This research aims to make the general plan for the preservation and practical use about Junkyung and Youngkyung tombs at Samcheok. The general plan is classified according to three large territories. First, it is necessary for these two tombs to preserve territories and strengthen the historical identity in order to restore the spoiled building such as Subokbang and Surabang by verification and excavation. Second, to preserve the nature and environment of territories surrounding the two tombs is essential for the extension of the essence about these cultural heritage to improve the familiarity and effective utilization by trial programs, which are related to the historical background of the tombs and so forth. Third, supporting and making convenient facilities in the neighborhood near cultural assets is required to install public parks and parking lots for visitors. Additionally, it is needed to advertise successively about these two tombs as the beginning of Chosun Dynasty tombs Also, it is necessary to consider implementing programs because Junkyung and Youngkyung tombs along with Chosun royal tombs in the north of Korea might be designated as World Culture Heritage if Korea should be a unified nation.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.15 no.3 s.47
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• pp.202-208
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• 2006

Although the importance of good conservation of historic sites including ancient royal tombs is well aware, still not much attention has been paid for the facilities and systems to preserve those historic sites, which includes precious artifacts as wall paints and carved works, etc. Even the general understanding about the environment of the underground space or tombs is not satisfactory. In the present study, vibration levels due to the operation of an HVAC system to maintain the desired indoor temperature and humidity are investigated experimentally. According to the measured data, the level of vibration inside the present model tomb with the indoor unit inside, showed order of magnitude less values than the Swiss Standards, but still higher than the value suggested by German standards, which is, zero. Further study will be pursued for cases including different ways of installation, because the vibration level depends not only on the system design, but also on the installation methods.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.104-121
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• 2016

Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri had been studied several times during the Japanese Colonial era. But, conceiving the general complexion of them is difficult for lack of data and analysis of previous studies are still insufficient. Thus, necessity of new approach and understanding in Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri are emphasized by the reviewing existing studies and conservation history. The Serial numbers of the Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri has been registered arbitrarily without clear guidelines from Japanese Colonial era until present time. It means previous studies were devoid of consideration for serial number changes. And, research has shown that Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri counts at least twenty, taking No.8 tomb of recent study into consideration. Moreover, in case of eastern tombs it needs changes in the existing perception that Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri consist of only six-tombs because there was no difference between eastern tombs and central sixtombs considering the burial chamber and lacquered wooden(koyamaki) Coffin. Ultimately, current state of Royal tombs in Neungsan-ri doesn't have authenticity because they had been found and regulated in the Japanese Colonial era. Consequently, it is required to overall study into entrance to burial chamber and covered burial stone marker and exaggerated mounds, ignored another tombs other than six-tombs in the center.