• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.12
• /
• pp.1755-1760
• /
• 2006

Studies were carried out at the National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, India to determine the effect of feeding chopped paddy straw (Oryza sativa) on the energy expenditure in crossbred cattle. Four crossbred cattle male, aged 5-6 years and weighing about 450 kg were used for this study. Three experimental trials, one each for the feeding of un-chopped paddy straw offered ad libitum (UCA), chopped paddy straw fed at restricted level (CR) and chopped paddy straw offered ad libitum (CA) were conducted. The quantity of un-chopped paddy straw consumed during UCA was assumed as the voluntary intake by the cattle and the same quantity was offered after chopping during CR. Each trial comprised of 21 d preliminary feeding period and 5 d of observation recording period. Expired gas was collected in Douglas bags using a face-mask and three-way valve at 6 hourly intervals i.e., at 09.30, 15.30, 21.30, and 03.30 h throughout the observation period. Expired gas and ambient air inspired by the animals were analyzed for the oxygen content through paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. Energy expenditure (EE) by the animals was calculated by determining the volume of oxygen consumed per minute (STP) and multiplying by 4.825. Paddy straw used in all the three trials contained (g/kg DM) 90.0 CP, 786 OM, 700 NDF, 489 ADF, 357 Cellulose and 60.0 ADL. Metabolizable energy (ME) was 6.9 MJ/kg DM. Dry matter intake (DMI) both in UCA and CR was about 6.8 kg, except that it was chopped in CR. Chopping has resulted in 32% improvement (9 kg) in DMI of CA as compared to that of UCA. Although ME intake was similar in UCA and CR (47.2 MJ/day), energy expenditure (EE) was higher in UCA (23.3 MJ) when compared to that of CR (19.5 MJ). The ME intake (63.3 MJ) as well as EE (27.1 MJ) was highest in CA. Energy expenditure when expressed as MJ/kg DMI was 3.48, 2.90 and 3.12; whereas as per cent of ME intake it was 50, 41 and 44 in UCA, CR and CA respectively. Our study has unequivocally confirmed that chopping of poor quality roughages like paddy straw has definite advantages not only in terms of improving the intake by decreasing the time taken for ingestion but also in reducing the energy cost of eating.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.701-706
• /
• 2004

The objective of this experiment was to compare the dry matter intake, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen and energy utilization of herbages harvested from turf type mixtures {tall fescue(Rebell Jr.) 40%+ perennial ryegrass(Palmer II) 20%+ Kentucky bluegrass(Newport) 10%+ redtop(Banicuda) 10%+ red fescue(Salem) 10%+ creeping bentgrass(Crenshaw) 10%} and tall type mixtures {orchardgrass(Potomac) 40%+ tall fescue(Fawn) 20%+ Festuloium braunii(Paulita) 10%+ perennial ryegrass(Reveille) 10%+ timothy(Climax) 10%+ red clover(Kenblue) 10%+ alfalfa(Vernal) 10%} by Korean native goats. This experiment was conducted by total collection method in laboratory, 2001. The voluntary DM intake per body weight were slightly higher for turf type mixtures(28.9g) than that of tall type mixtures(26.2g), but there was no significant difference. The digestibility of cellular constituents was slightly higher for turf type mixtures than that of tall type mixtures(p<0.05), but digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF did not differ between two mixtures. The retained nitrogen percent(apparently biological value) was slightly higher for turf type mixtures(56.7%) than that of tall type mixtures(56.4%), but there was no significant difference between two mixtures. Apparently retained digestible energy was slightly higher for turf type mixtures(58.3%) than that of tall type mixtures(57.9%), but there was no significant difference between two mixtures. Based on the results, the herbage utilization by Korean native goats did not showed any significant difference between two mixtures, therefore there is a possibility that herbages of turf type mixtures can be used as a roughages by livestock.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.123-130
• /
• 2003

Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) of Hanwoo bulls were estimated in twelves metabolism trials using three different feeds at four stages of body weight(100, 200, 300 and 400kg). Three feeds were composed of 1) concentrates and rice straw, 2) concentrates and mixed grass hay, 3) concentrates and corn silage, respectively. Three energy levels were 1) maintenance (M) requirement, 2) 1.5 ${\times}$ M, and 3) 2.0 ${\times}$ M. All bulls were received 60% of their energy from concentrates and 40% form roughages. Three cattle for each trials fed different energy level were housed in metabolism stalls during the 5days of collection period, a total collection of feces and urine. Thereafter, during the 2days of respiration period the heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry using respiratory chamber. MEm were 99.80, 94.48, 94.80, and 97.68 kcal/W0.75 at 100, 200, 300 and 400kg. Mean value of MEm and efficiency of utilization ME for retained energy(Kg) were 95.80 kcal/W0.75 and 0.44.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate feed value of imported hays and examine current situation of species and hay grade. To evaluate the quality of the imported hay, 133 pieces including 9 species of roughage types were collected at the national hay importers, the TMR companies and livestock farms from 2016 to 2018. The quality grades of imported hay were 3~4 and most imported hay were considered to had low. The ADF, Ash, TDN and DDM in feed composition of alfalfa by quality grades presented significant differences(p<0.05). The quality grade on alfalfa was not similar to the actual quality grades calculated through feed composition. The feed composition of grasses by quality degrees presented significant differences in all contents except DM and CP (p<0.05). As the distributed grasses of the unmarked quality grade was low quality and accounted for 49%, it is urgent to present quality standards based on feed composition. As these results, the grades of imported hays were lower than the marked quality grades. Therefore, the imported roughage's(hay) price that considered to only quality grades on the marked imported roughages(hay) package can cause a loss to the livestock farms as economic damage. An institutional arrangement should be established to review the quality grades of imported hay.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.11
• /
• pp.1705-1714
• /
• 2019

Objective: Reducing roughage feeding without negatively affecting rumen health is of interest in ruminant nutrition. We investigated the effects of roughage sources and concentrate types on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolite levels in growing cattle. Methods: In this 24-week trial, 24 Hanwoo cattle ($224{\pm}24.7kg$) were fed similar nitrous and energy levels of total mixed ration formulated using two kinds of roughage (timothy hay and ryegrass straw) and two types of concentrate mixes (high starch [HS] and high fiber [HF]). The treatments were arranged in a $2{\times}2$ factorial, consisting of 32% timothy-68% HS, 24% timothy-76% HF, 24% ryegrass-76% HS, and 17% ryegrass-83% HF. Daily feed intakes were measured. Every four weeks, blood were sampled, and body weight was measured before morning feeding. Every eight weeks, rumen fluid was collected using a stomach tube over five consecutive days. Results: The mean dry matter intake (7.33 kg) and average daily gain (1,033 g) did not differ among treatments. However, significant interactions between roughage source and concentrate type were observed for the rumen and blood parameters (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration was highest (p<0.05) in timothy-HF-fed calves. With ryegrass as the roughage source, decreasing the roughage inclusion rate increased the molar proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio; the opposite was observed with timothy as the roughage source. Similarly, the effects of concentrate types on plasma total protein, alanine transaminase, Ca, inorganic P, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine concentrations differed with roughage source (p<0.05). Conclusion: Decreasing the dietary roughage inclusion rate by replacing forage neutral detergent fiber with that from non-roughage fiber source might be a feasible feeding practice in growing cattle. A combination of low-quality roughage with a high fiber concentrate might be economically beneficial.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.578-583
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this research was to study the effects of feeding TMR (total mixed ration) dietary citrus by-products on nutritional composition and palatability of Hanwoo loin. Samples for the experiment consisted of Hanwoo loin that was not fed citrus by-products (TMR-0) and Hanwoo loin that was fed citrus by-products during fattening periods (TMR-1). The control (TMR-0) Hanwoo loin was fed by general practical feeding (roughages and concentrates were fed separately); the TMR-1 Hanwoo loin was fed identically to TMR-0 until 17 months yearling, but fed citrus by-products for 10 months after then. The levels of the moisture, crude protein, crude ash, cholesterol, Mg, K, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, total amino acids ($17.81{\sim}17.98%$), and total free amino acids ($139.46{\sim}149.15mg/100g$) were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The contents of the crude fat, Ca, and Na of TMR-1 were greater than those of TMR-0 (p<0.05). Oleic acid ($45.01{\sim}49.38%$) was the most abundant anions unsaturated fatty acid while palmitic acid ($26.52{\sim}28.39%$) was tile most abundant saturated fatty acid in both groups. In case of sensory scores, taste, flavor, and juiciness were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. However, tenderness and palatability preference of TMR-1 were higher than those of TMR-0 (p<0.05).

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.17 no.4 s.84
• /
• pp.540-545
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this research is to study the effects of feeding dietary citrus byproducts TMR (total mixed ration) on physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of Korean native beef loin (KNBL). The samples for experiment consist of the KNBL not fed with citrus byproducts (TMR-0) and the KNBL fed with citrus byproducts during fattening period (TMR-1). The control (TMR-0) KNBL was fed by general practical feeding (roughages and concentrates were fed separately), while the TMR-1 KNBL was fed by the same as TMR-0 until 17 months yearling but was fed by citrus byproducts feeding for 10 months after that. The $L^*(lightness),\;a^*(redness)\;and\;b^*(yellowness)$ value were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH of TMR-1 was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), the VBN content, TBARS value and EDA were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The water holding capacity, frozen loss and cooking loss were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but thawing loss of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1 (p<0.05). The hardness of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1, and the springiness of TMR-1 was higher than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), but the cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and shear force were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH and VBN content during storage were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but the TBARS value of TMR-1 stored during 4 weeks was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05). In case of sensory score, the color and aroma of raw meat, and the taste, juiciness and palatability of cooked meat were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. But the flavor and tenderness of TMR-1 were superior than those of TMR-0 (p<0.05)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to determine the effect of corn silage and roughage feeding systems on milk yield and milk compositions. The experimental design was allotted into 3 treatments according to the feeding systems of rice straw(rice straw＋concentrate: T1), corn silage(corn silage ＋ concentrate: T2) and TMR treatment(Total mixed rate : roughage ＋ concentrate: T3). This research was carried out from Oct. 1988 to Mar. 1999 at Kimcheon Kyungbook. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The milk yield increased upon T2(31.9$\pm$3.2kg) ＞ T3(29.6$\pm$3.8kg) ＞ T1 treatment(22.5$\pm$2.0kg)(P<0.05), but cows with T2 and T3 produced the highest at third parity while T1 at forth parity. 2. The milk fat percentage was the highest at T3 treatment(3.79$\pm$0.31%), and on the other hand T1 treatment appeared the lowest percentage. Cow at 2nd parity produced the highest milk fat contend over the other parity. 3. There was no significant difference in protein content between treatments and parity, but T2 and T3 were higher than T1 4. Treatment did not affact content of SNF even though T2 and T3 of the SNF revealed to higher than T1. T5 was T3(12.51$\pm$0.57%)>T1(11.71$\pm$0.62%)>T2 treatment(11.52$\pm$0.55%). These were not significant. 5. Somatic cell counts were the highest at T1(39.6 ${\times}$ $10^4$cell/ml), but T2 treatment was the lowest as 28.7 ${\times}$ $10^4$ cell/ml. These results indicates that com silage(T2) and TMR treatment(T3) could be recommended

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.119-127
• /
• 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of feeding methods on in vitro ruminal fermentation, total gas and methane production in Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers fitted with rumen cannula (430 ± 21 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to one of three feeding systems: 1) feeding forage 1 hour after concentrate, 2) feeding concentrate 1 hour after forage, 3) feeding mixed ration. Rumen fluid sampled from each animals was incubated 24 hours with maize or timothy substrates in in vitro. Ruminal pH was increased in feeding method 2 or maize substrate than that of other methods or timothy substrate (P < 0.001). The production of total volatile fatty acid, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate were increased when steers fed diets using feeding method 1 or rumen fluid was incubated with maize substrate (P < 0.001). Increased production of total gas and methane was observed in feeding method 1 and maize substrate compared to those of other methods or timothy substrate (P < 0.001). Due to the inconsistent results between ruminal fermentation and gas production in this study, further research is required to estimate effects of feeding method on enteric fermentation and gas production in in vivo.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.1007-1018
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding of garlic stalk silage on performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Feeding trial was conducted with 27 heads of Hanwoo steers and these animals were divided into two groups of control(rice straw) and garlic stalk silage. Animals consuming rice straw were fed concentrates and rice straw for 22 months from the 5 months of age and animals consuming garlic stalk silage were fed concentrates, rice straw and garlic stalk silage for 22 months from the 5 months of age. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage were fed 1.34 and 1.47, 1.69 and 1.74, 1.65 and 1.66% concentrates to body weight for the growing period, fattening period and finishing period, respectively. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage as roughage sources were fed 1.37 and 1.38, 0.65 and 0.63, 0.43 and 0.43% roughages to body weight for the growing period, fattening period and finishing period, respectively. Also, animals fed garlic stalk silage were offered 0.22 and 0.33% garlic stalk silage to body weight for the fattening and finishing period, respectively. Animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage as a roughage sources did not differ in average daily gain during the whole feeding periods. Animals of control group consumed less concentrates and roughage than those fed garlic stalk silage during the whole feeding periods. However, feed efficiency was not significantly different between both treatments. Beef yield including backfat thickness, eye muscle area and carcass weight was slightly lower in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw even though there were no differences between both treatments. However, beef quality including beef color, fat color, texture, maturity and marbling score was slightly higher in the garlic stalk silage-fed animals than in the animals fed rice straw although there were not statistically different between both treatments. Animals consuming garlic stalk silage was significantly(p<0.05) lower in shear value than those fed rice straw. Amino acid composition including essential amino acid and non-essential amino acid was not different between animals fed rice straw and garlic stalk silage. Eye muscle area of animals fed garlic stalk silage contained slightly higher oleic acid, less linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and more linolenic acid than that of animals fed rice straw only as a roughage sources. So eye muscle area of animals fed garlic stalk silage contained more mono-unsaturated fatty acid than that of animals fed rice straw and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio was narrower in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw. Economic income was higher by 20% in the animals fed garlic stalk silage than in the animals fed rice straw. Therefore, It may be concluded that feeding of garlic stalk silage as a roughage sources to steers during the fattening period seems to improve meat quality, fatty acid composition and economic income.