• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1705-1714
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• 2019

Objective: Reducing roughage feeding without negatively affecting rumen health is of interest in ruminant nutrition. We investigated the effects of roughage sources and concentrate types on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolite levels in growing cattle. Methods: In this 24-week trial, 24 Hanwoo cattle ($224{\pm}24.7kg$) were fed similar nitrous and energy levels of total mixed ration formulated using two kinds of roughage (timothy hay and ryegrass straw) and two types of concentrate mixes (high starch [HS] and high fiber [HF]). The treatments were arranged in a $2{\times}2$ factorial, consisting of 32% timothy-68% HS, 24% timothy-76% HF, 24% ryegrass-76% HS, and 17% ryegrass-83% HF. Daily feed intakes were measured. Every four weeks, blood were sampled, and body weight was measured before morning feeding. Every eight weeks, rumen fluid was collected using a stomach tube over five consecutive days. Results: The mean dry matter intake (7.33 kg) and average daily gain (1,033 g) did not differ among treatments. However, significant interactions between roughage source and concentrate type were observed for the rumen and blood parameters (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration was highest (p<0.05) in timothy-HF-fed calves. With ryegrass as the roughage source, decreasing the roughage inclusion rate increased the molar proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio; the opposite was observed with timothy as the roughage source. Similarly, the effects of concentrate types on plasma total protein, alanine transaminase, Ca, inorganic P, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine concentrations differed with roughage source (p<0.05). Conclusion: Decreasing the dietary roughage inclusion rate by replacing forage neutral detergent fiber with that from non-roughage fiber source might be a feasible feeding practice in growing cattle. A combination of low-quality roughage with a high fiber concentrate might be economically beneficial.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2005

Finger millet straw and rice straw are the major source of dry roughage in southern India. They distinctly vary in their morphological and nutritional characters. Hence an effort was made to study the nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition in crossbred dairy cows fed either finger millet (group 1) or rice straw (group 2) as a source of dry roughage. The cows in both the groups were fed as per requirement with concentrate, green fodder and straw in the ratio of 30:45:25 parts (DM). At the end of 50 days of preliminary feeding a digestibility trial was conducted for 7 days and pooled samples of feed, fodder, feces, urine and milk were analysed for macro and micro nutrient content. Finger millet straw contained more CP, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Co than rice straw and rice straw contained higher ADF, ash and silica. The intake of DM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and most micronutrients (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Co) was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw. The digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and ADF was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw and the gut absorption of Ca, Cu, Mn and Co was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw. The dietary requirement of all micronutrients in both the group of cows could be met irrespective of the type of roughage fed except that of Ca, which was low (0.61 and 0.40%) in rice straw fed cows. The average daily milk yield (L/cow) was also higher (7.0 L) in cows fed finger millet straw as compared to cows fed rice straw (6.3 L). The average milk composition also did not differ except that of milk fat which was significantly (4.7 and 4.5%) low in cows fed rice straw. The overall results of this study have indicated that finger millet straw is a better source of dry fodder than rice straw and while feeding rice straw as the sole roughage to dairy cows there is need to supplement additional calcium as this could be one of the limiting nutrients for milk production.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2021

This study aimed to determine the effects if ambient temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), and temperature-humidity index (THI) on milk production parameters such as milk yield, fat, protein, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and lactose. A total of fifty (50) mid-lactating Korean Holstein cows (144 - 150 days postpartum) were randomly assigned to two groups in equal numbers (n = 25) according to the type of diet received: conventional feed, a mixture of 56: 44 ratio of roughage and concentrate mix, and organic feed containing 100% organic roughage. Temperature, RH, and THI were recorded daily and averaged monthly. Conventional group showed higher dry matter intake throughout the experiment and thus, showed higher total milk yield and milk composition such as milk fat, protein, and lactose content than organic milk. Milk of the conventional group showed higher polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration. Highest milk yield was observed in September (21.7℃, 82.4%RH) in conventional group (27.69 kg·day^-1) and in June (21.4℃, 72.9%RH) in organic group (14.31 kg·day^-1). In conventional group, milk yield was positively correlated with Ta and THI, and milk protein was negatively correlated with Ta, RH, and THI. In organic feeding, only the MUN among milk composition parameters showed a significant correlation where it showed a negative correlation with Ta, RH, and THI. Conventional feeding showed significantly higher milk yield, fat, protein, and lactose than organic feeding throughout the experiment, although, organic feeding showed to be less likely affected by Ta, RH, and THI than the conventional feeding.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.295-305
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• 2013

Purpose: Recent research showed that total mixed ration (TMR) feeding for pigs improved the productivity and reduced feed cost and manure odor. An automatic TMR feeding system was developed for this study because the conventional feeder cannot deliver the TMR containing roughage. Methods: Conventional feeding systems and physical properties of TMR were surveyed, and performance tests of the conventional feeder were conducted to develop a TMR feeder. Based on the TMR feeder was developed and installed, driving, measuring weight, radio frequency identification (RFID) reading, and discharging test for feeding were conducted to ensure the performance. Results: Moisture content, density, and angle of repose of the TMR 1 (mixture of 30% cut IRG silage and 70% concentrates) were 31.6%, 387 $kg/m^3$, and $51^{\circ}$, respectively. Moisture content, density, and angle of repose of the TMR 2 (mixture of 45% concentrates, 30% cut IRG silage and by-products, 10% bean curd refuse, 10% others, and 5% fermenter) were 22.2%, 544 $kg/m^3$, and $50^{\circ}$, respectively. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) of conventional concentrate feeding were 1.9~4.1%, and C.V. of TMR containing 1~3% cut IRG roughage feeding by conventional feeder were 9~42%. The conventional disc type feeder was not suitable for TMR feeding because the supply unit was clogged. The C.V. of TMR 1 was 0.6~7.9% when 0.5~10 kg of the TMR supplied, and it was suitable for feeding grow-finish pigs and sows. On the contrary, the C.V. with TMR 2 was 28% when 0.5 kg of the TMR supplied, and it was not suitable for feeding sows. Conclusions: The TMR feeder developed in this study was suitable for feeding grow-finish pigs because the feeder performed stably with over 5.0 kg feed. However, the feeder showed a lack of accuracy for feeding sows because the amount of each feed was more than 0.5 kg per a feeding. Therefore, the improvement of outlet structure for accurate feeding is needed for sow feeding.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.769-782
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• 2005

Holstein 거세송아지 24두를 대상으로 육성 및 비육전기의 조사료 급여형태에 따라 3개 처리(T1: 농후사료+볏짚, T2: 농후사료+목건초, T3: 맥주박 TMR)를 두어 6개월령부터 23개월령까지 18개월간 사양시험 후 도체조사를 실시한 결과, 처리별 출하체중 및 일당증체량은 각각 751-802 kg(평균 782.3 kg) 및 1.064-1.159 kg(평균 1.122 kg)으로 모두 T2 > T3 > T1 순으로 높았고, T2의 일당증체량이 T1에 비해 8.9%가 개선되었다. 도체율, 등지방두께 및 등심단면적은 각각 60.6-60.9 %, 6.50-7.13mm 및 82.9-84.1cm2 이었고, 근내지방도 및 육색은 각각 3.1-3.3 및 4.0-4.1 이었으며, 쇠고기의 전단력 및 보수력은 각각 4.6-4.7 및 50.7-50.9로 이들 모두는 처리간에 유의차는 없었으나, 소득은 두당 882.8-991.7천원으로 T2 및 T3가 T1 보다 12-7% 더 높았다.이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 Holstein 거세우를 23개월령까지 비육할 경우, 근내지방도가 높은 쇠고기 생산이 가능하며, 육성 및 비육전기에 목건초나 맥주박위주의 TMR을 급여하면 볏짚보다 출하체중을 높여 소득을 향상시킬 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1219-1227
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• 2000

Rumination behavior, in vivo digestibility of cell wall constituents, particle size reduction in the rumen, and retention time in the digestive tract of sheep were examined using rice and oat straw as roughage sources. The in sacco digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial population and internal adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) content were also determined under feeding conditions of high-roughage and high-concentrate diets. Chewing number and time in rumination behavior were higher with rice straw than with oat straw, while the in sacco and in vivo DMD of rice straw were consistently lower than those of oat straw. Rice straw also showed higher frequency of thinner and longer particles in the rumen contents and lower retention time in the whole digestive tract as compared to those of oat straw. Rice straw was more effective to maintain the ruminal pH than oat straw, being reflected in higher internal ATP content of large-type protozoa on the high- concentrate diet. Changes in the ruminal microflora by shifting from the low- to the high- concentrate diet were also different between rice and oat straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1445-1452
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• 2002

The present experiment was carried out to study the utilization of substrates in the mammary gland of crossbred Holstein Friesian during feeding on different types of roughage. Sixteen pregnant crossbred Holstein heifers consisted of two breed types of eight animals each; Holstein Friesian${\times}$Red Sindhi (50:50=50%HF) and Holstein Friesian${\times}$Red Sindhi (87.5:12.5=87.5%HF). Animals were divided into four groups of the same breed type in each group which were fed with either rice straw treated with 5% urea or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage throughout the experiments. Four consecutive experimental periods were carried out in late pregnancy (20-23 days before parturition), early lactation (30 days postpartum), mid-lactation (120 days postpartum) and late lactation (210 days postpartum). Measurement of mammary blood flow in combining with measurement of AV difference was performed for the mammary uptake of substrates. In the period of lactation, udder blood flow was nearly three times higher than that of late pregnant period (p<0.05) in both 50%HF and 87.5%HF feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw. During mid- and late lactation of both groups of 87.5%HF animals, mammary blood flow and milk yield showed decrease when compared to those during the early lactating period while the trends for persistency were apparent in both groups of 50%HF animals throughout experimental periods. The mean arterial plasma concentrations of glucose, acetate, $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate and free glycerol in each group remained constant throughout experimental periods. During late pregnancy in all groups, the AV difference and extraction ratio of glucose, $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate and triacylglycerol across the mammary gland markedly lowered (p<0.05), which coincided with a lower net uptake by the mammary gland in comparison to the early lactating period. The mean arterial plasma concentration, AV difference and extraction ratio for acetate showed no significant differences between late pregnancy and the early lactating period. The AV difference of free glycerol showed apparent release from mammary tissue during late pregnancy in all groups. In mid- and late lactation, the mammary uptake for glucose, acetate and $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate in both groups of 87.5%HF animals showed apparent decrease as compared to that in the early lactating period, whereas no appearances were observed in 50%HF animals feeding either hay or urea treated rice straw. The mean arterial plasma concentrations for free fatty acid (FFA) and triacylglycerol (C16 to C18) were higher in late pregnancy than in early lactation in both types of crossbred animals. The values of AV difference and the net uptake by the mammary gland for FFA were variable during late pregnancy and lactating periods in all groups. There were no significant differences for AV difference, extraction ratio and net uptake of triacylglycerol during lactation advance in both groups of 50%HF and 87.5%HF animals feeding either hay or urea treated rice straw. These results suggest that the adaptations to either hay or urea treated rice straw by the mammary gland of crossbred HF animals allow for an adequate nutrient supply during pregnancy and lactation. There is no difference in the mode of mammary uptake of substrates in the same crossbred animals in response to feeding hay or urea treated rice straw. The differences in utilizing nutrients by the mammary gland for milk production between 87.5%HF and 50%HF animals would be dependent on changes in both intra-mammary factors and extra-mammary factors.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.146-150
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• 1995

The yield performance and nutrient quality of barley for pellets making from whole crop material were discussed during 1993-1994. Barley (cv. Olbori) was grown on paddy land after rice cutivation and was harvested at early stage of physiological maturity. A column type of whole crop pellets was produced by 1.5cm diameter and 2.5cm height. Barley war evaluated as a suitable materials for whole crop pellet making. Barley produced higher yield and better qualitative roughage in the utilization of pellet making than in the silage making. Dry matter yields were obtained 12.02 MTha in pellet making and 11.70 MT/ha in silage making. Net energy value of barley pellet were 6.54 MJ in net energy lactation and 635 SV in starch equivalent net energy. Feeding of barley pellet improved milk production of daily cattle Daily milk yields per head were 25.1 liter in silage feeding and 25.9 liter in pellet feeding. Production cost of pellets and silages made from whole crop barley were 169.07 won/kg and 124.15 won/kg dry matter, respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.203-212
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• 2000

One of the obstructing factors against managing large-scaled dairy farm in Korea has been heavy labor requirement for feeding dairy cows. A tractor attached TMR mixer was developed to reduce the cost and to provide economic benefit in this research. The TMR mixer was designed to have a feeding capacity of 35 heads at a batch with various functioning systems of paddle type mixer, cutter and grinder, delivery conveyor, weighing console, power transmission train, and mounting trailer. The maximum power required during the mixing operarion was 26.3 kw(P.T.O), readily available from 32kw-rated tractors, which had been widely used in Korea. Low coefficient of variation(14.0%) revealed an uniform mixing performance of the mixer. The mixer can also be used in compost mixing as well as concentrates and roughage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

본 연구는 균상재배 느타리버섯부산물(SMS)의 반추동물 조사료원으로서의 가치를 평가하기 위하여 in situ 반추위 소실율 및 면양을 이용한 in vivo 영양소 소화율, 체내 질소이용성 및 섭취행동 패턴을 평가하였다. SMS에 당밀 5% (w/w, 건물기준), 유산균(Lactobacillus plantarum) 0.5% (v/w) 그리고 효모 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 0.5% (v/w)를 첨가하여 30일간 혐기발효 시킨 후 반추위캐뉼라가 장착된 평균체중 620 kg Holstein 육우 2두를 이용하여 in situ 소실율을 평가하였다. 면양대사실험은 평균체중 48kg의 숫 면양 6두 이용하여 $3{\times}3$ 라틴방각법으로 하였다. 대조구는 볏짚 100%를, 처리구는 볏짚의 25%와 50%를 생균발효 SMS로 각각 대체 급여하였다. 균상재배 버섯부산물의 반추위 in situ DM 및 NDF 이용성은 생균발효처리에 의해 개선되었다(P<0.001). 생균발효 SMS를 볏짚의 25% 및 50% 대체하여 면양에게 급여하였을 때, 단백질과 섬유소(NDF, ADF, CF) 소화율은 감소하였으나 (P<0.05), 조회분 소화율은 증가하였으며(P<0.001), 면양체내 단백질 축척량은 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 볏짚을 생균발효 SMS로 대체 급여함에 따라 면양의 반추시간은 평균 28% 감소하였다(P<0.05). 생균발효 SMS는 볏짚의 76% 수준의 에너지가를 보였다. 결과적으로, 균상재배 느타리버섯부산물은 유지목적의 반추동물 조사료원으로서 보다 적합한 것으로 사료되었다.