• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.237-240
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• 2016

Retear patterns after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair are classified into two patterns according to retear location. Type 1 is when the retear pattern occurs directly on the tendon at the bone repair site using the suture anchor repair method. Type 2 is when the retear pattern occurs at the musculocutaneous junction with a healed footprint in patients who undergo the suture bridge method. Here, the authors report another retear pattern, which was identified as a type 2 retear on magnetic resonance imaging in patients who had undergone arthroscopic rotator cuff repair by the suture-bridge technique. This pattern was different from the type 2 retear and occurred at the portion of the cuff away from the healed rotator cuff under the view of the arthroscope.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.10-19
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• 2023

Background: Tendon degeneration contributes to rotator cuff tears; however, its role in postoperative structural integrity is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with postoperative structural integrity after rotator cuff repair, particularly focusing on the histology of tendons harvested intraoperatively. Methods: A total of 56 patients who underwent primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between 2009 and 2011 were analyzed. A 3-mm-diameter sample of supraspinatus tendons was harvested en bloc from each patient after minimal debridement of the torn ends. Tendon degeneration was assessed using seven histological parameters on a semi-quantitative grading scale, and the total degeneration score was calculated. One-year postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was used to classify the patients based on retear. Results: The total degeneration scores in the healed and retear groups were 13.93±2.03 and 14.08±2.23 (P=0.960), respectively. Arthroscopically measured anteroposterior (AP) tear sizes in the healed and retear groups were 24.30±12.35 mm and 36.42±25.23 mm (P=0.026), respectively. Preoperative visual analog scale pain scores at rest in the healed and retear groups were 3.54±2.37 and 5.16±2.16 (P=0.046), respectively. Retraction sizes in the healed and retear groups were 16.02±7.587 mm and 22.33±13.364 mm (P=0.037), respectively. The odds of retear rose by 4.2% for every 1-mm increase in AP tear size (P=0.032). Conclusions: The postoperative structural integrity of the rotator cuff tendon was not affected by tendon degeneration, whereas the arthroscopically measured AP tear size of the rotator cuff tendon was an independent predictor of retear. Level of evidence: III.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2012

목적: 관절경적 회전근 개 봉합술 후 시행한 자기 공명 영상 검사 소견을 분석하여 재파열의 빈도와 발생 위치, 재파열이 임상적 결과에 미치는 영향 등을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 관절경적 회전근 개 봉합술 후 평균 10.6개월에 자기 공명 영상 검사를 시행한 109예 (평균 연령 57세, 남:여=50예:59예)를 대상으로 하였다. 관상면 자기 공명 영상 검사 상 Sugaya IV, V 형을 재파열로 규정하였다. 재파열의 위치는 앵커 삽입부위 내측 1 cm를 기준으로 내측 및 외측으로 구분하였다. 나이, 성별, 파열의 크기 및 복원 방법에 따른 재파열의 빈도와 위치를 알아보았으며, 평균 13.9개월에 추시 후 재파열 유무에 따른 견관절 기능점수의 차이를 조사하였다. 결과: 109예 중 38예 (34.9%)에서 재파열을 보였다. 남성에서 재파열은 25예 (50.0%)가 발생하였으며, 여성에서 재파열은 13예 (22.0%)가 발생하였다. 3 cm미만 크기의 파열에서는 21예 (25.6%)에서 재파열이 발생하였으며, 3 cm를 넘는 크기의 파열에서는 17예 (63.0%)에서 재파열이 발생하였다. 재파열이 내측에서 발생한 경우는 일열봉합에서 71.4%, 이열봉합에서 71.0%이었다. 최종 추시점에서 재파열군과 재파열이 없는 군 모두 견관절 기능점수는 통계학적으로 유의한 호전을 보였으며 양 군간의 호전 정도의 차이는 없었다. 결론: 회전근 개 봉합술 후 추적 자기 공명 영상 검사상 34.9%에서 재파열이 발생하였으며 환자의 나이, 복원방법에 따른 발생률의 차이는 없었으나 남성 및 파열크기가 큰 경우 재파열의 가능성이 높았다. 재파열은 주로 내측에서 발생하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었는데 이는 봉합시 과도한 긴장이 봉합부의 내측에 부하되기 때문인 것으로 보인다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2022

Background: Healing of the tendon itself is not always related to successful clinical outcomes after rotator cuff repair. It was hypothesized that certain radiologic factors affecting clinical outcomes could exist in case of the retear after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) and the radiologic factors could help predict clinical process. The purpose of this study was to identify the radiologic factors associated with clinical outcomes of the retear after ARCR. Methods: Between January 2012 and December 2019, among patients with sufficient footprint coverage for ARCR, 96 patients with Sugaya classification 4 or higher retear on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging were included. The association between clinical outcomes such as American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Constant score and range of motion and radiologic variables such as initial tear dimension, retear dimension, variance of tear dimension, critical shoulder angle, acromial index, and acromiohumeral distance was analyzed. Results: Preoperatively, the ASES and Constant scores were 59.81±17.02 and 64.30±15.27, respectively. And at the last follow-up, they improved to 81.56±16.29 and 78.62±14.16, respectively (p<0.01 and p<0.01). In multiple linear regression analysis, the variance of the mediolateral dimension of tear had statistically significant association with the ASES and Constant scores (p<0.01 and p=0.01). Conclusions: In patients with the retear after ARCR, the variance in the mediolateral dimension of tear had significantly negative association with the clinical outcomes. This could be considered to be reference as relative criteria and needed more sample and mechanical study.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2021

Background: We hypothesized in this study that the characteristics of retear cases vary according to surgeon volume and that surgical outcomes differ between primary and revision arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (revisional ARCR). Methods: Surgeons performing more than 12 rotator cuff repairs (RCRs) per year were defined as high-volume surgeons, and those performing fewer than 12 RCRs were considered low-volume surgeons. Of the 47 patients who underwent revisional ARCR at our clinic enrolled in this study, 21 cases were treated by high-volume surgeons and 26 cases by low-volume surgeons. In all cases, the interval between primary surgery and revisional ARCR, degree of "acromial scuffing," number of anchors, RCR technique, retear pattern, fatty infiltration, retear size, operating time, and clinical outcome were recorded. Results: During primary surgery, significantly more lateral anchors (p=0.004) were used, and the rate of use of the double-row repair technique was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the high- versus low-volume surgeon group. Moreover, the "cut-through pattern" was observed significantly more frequently among the cases treated by high- versus low-volume surgeons (p=0.008). The clinical outcomes after revisional ARCR were not different between the two groups. Conclusions: Double-row repair during primary surgery and the cut-through pattern during revisional ARCR were more frequent in the high- versus low-volume surgeon groups. However, no differences in retear site or size, fatty infiltration grade, or outcomes were observed between the groups.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2008

목적: 다발성 건을 침범한 관절경적 회전근 개 복원 술 후 재 파열의 발생률 및 관련된 요인을 알아 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 극상건과 극하건을 포함한 회전근 개 파열을 보인 22예의 관절경적 복원 술 후(평균 파열크기 3.2 cm, 평균 연령: 58세) 평균 10개월 후 자기공명영상으로 조사 하였다. 복원된 건의 상태 평가는 Sugaya의 분류를 이용하였으며 근육의 상태 변화는 Goutallier의 등급을 이용하였다. 결과: 총 22예 중 7예(32%)에서 재파열을 보였다(Sugaya 분류 IV, V형). 3 cm이상의 파열에서 높은 재파열률 을 보였으며(67%) 반면 3 cm 이하에서는 8%의 재파열률 을 보였다. 재파열을 보인 경우 수술 후 Goutallier II등급 이상의 근육의 변성을 보였다. 반면 재파열이 발생하지 않은 군에서도 근 위축이 호전된 경우는 볼 수 없었다. 결론: 다발성 건을 침범한 회전근 개 파열에서 관절경 적 복원 술 후 32%의 재파열을 보였다. 파열의 크기가 재파열의 중대한 요소이며 파열의 크기가 3 cm 이상인 경우 재파열이 더 자주 발생하였다. 재파열을 보인 경우 근 위축은 진행 하였으며 복원상태가 유지 되어도 근 위축이 호전된 경우는 볼 수 없었다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2008

목적: 회전근 개 파열의 개방적 봉합술 후 임상적 결과와 회전근 개 연속성의 연관성을 알아보고 재파열 발생의 요인을 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2004년부터 2006년까지 회전근 개 파열로 수술적 봉합술을 시행받은 78명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자는 최소 1년 이상 추시하여 자기 공명 영상(MRI)을 촬영하고 재파열 유무를 확인하였다. 임상 결과는 재파열된 군과 유지된 군으로 나누어 평가하였다. 재파열의 원인 분석을 위해 수술전 파열의 크기, 유병 기간 등을 양군에서 비교하였다. 결과: 회전근 개 재파열군(n=22)의 수술후 임상결과는 수술전에 비하여 의미있게 호전되었으나(p<0.001, p<0.001). 근력은 수술후 의미있게 호전되지 않았다(p=0.099, p=0.243). 수술전 파열의 크기가 컸던 환자에서 재파열이 많았으며(p<0.001), 재파열된 군은 수술전 유병기간이 길었다(p=0.027). 결론: 회전근 개 개방적 봉합술 후 재파열이 되더라도 임상 결과는 호전되나 극상근과 외회전근의 근력은 의미있게 호전되지 않았다. 수술전 파열의 크기가 크고 유병 기간이 긴 경우에 수술후 재파열의 빈도가 높았다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2019

Background: Clinical outcomes and prognosis of large and massive rotator cuff tears are known to be unpredictable not only in degeneration of the rotator cuff, but also due to a high rate of retear. Methods: Totally, 81 patients who had undergone arthroscopic rotator cuff repair from May 2008 to February 2016 were evaluated in our study. Clinical and functional evaluations were performed with the Constant score and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) score, as well as full physical examination of the shoulder. All patients were confirmed to have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tendon healing at least 1 year postoperatively. Results: The average age at the time of surgery was 65 years (range, 47-78 years). The average duration of postoperative time in which a follow-up MRI was performed was 36.1 months (range, 12-110 months). Large tears were present in 48 cases (59.3%) and massive tears in 33 cases (40.7%). Overall, there were 33 retear cases (40.7%). All the average clinical outcome scores were significantly improved at the last follow-up (p<0.001), although repair integrity was not maintained. Compared to type A, types C, and D of the Collin's classification showed significantly higher retear rates (p=0.036). Conclusions: Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair yields improved clinical outcomes and a relatively high degree of patient satisfaction, despite the repair integrity not being maintained. Involvement of the subscapularis muscle or infraspinatus muscle had no effect on the retear rate.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2023

Background: This study evaluated the clinical and radiologic outcomes of onlay patch augmentation in rotator cuff repair for moderate-to-large tears in elderly patients. Methods: We reviewed 24 patients who underwent onlay augmentation with dermal allograft after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair from January 2017 to March 2020. Inclusion criteria were patients aged >65 years with tears >2.5 cm, who were followed for >12 months after surgery, and patients who could raise their arms above 90° preoperatively. American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Constant-Murley score, pain visual analog scale (VAS), and VAS for satisfaction were used as clinical outcomes. For the evaluation of cuff integrity, magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed every 3 months after surgery. The results were compared before and after surgery in all patients and between the retear and intact groups. Results: The average follow-up period was 16.38 months, and the mean age of patients was 71.05 years. All patients showed significant improvement in ASES score, Constant-Murley score, and pain VAS at the last evaluation. The average value of satisfaction VAS was 7.27/10. The retear rate was 25% (6/24) if Sugaya type 3 was categorized in the retear group, otherwise 16.7% (4/24), if Sugaya type 3 was categorized into the intact group. Irrespective of Sugaya type 3 being included in the retear group, there was no significant difference in outcome variables between the intact and retear groups during follow-up. Conclusions: In moderate-to-large rotator cuff tear in elderly patients, onlay patch augmentation improved clinical outcomes. Retear did not adversely affect clinical outcomes.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2014

Background: To compare the effect of different starting periods of rehabilitative exercise (early or delayed passive exercise) on the rate of retear and other clinical outcomes after the arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff. Methods: In total, 103 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff were included in the study. Determined at 2 weeks post-operation, patients who were incapable of passive forward elevation greater than $90^{\circ}$ were allotted to the early exercise group (group I: 79 patients; 42 males, 37 females), whilst those capable were allotted to the delayed exercise group (group II: 24 patients; 14 males, 10 females). The group I started passive exercise, i.e. stretching, within 2 weeks of operation, whilst group II started within 6 weeks. The results were compared on average 15.8 months (11-49 months) post-operation using the passive range of motion, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score, and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and Constant scores. Stiffness was defined as passive forward elevation or external rotation of less than $30^{\circ}C$ compared to the contralateral side. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was carried out on average 1 year post-operation and the rate of retear was compared with Sugaya's criteria. Results: There were no differences between the two groups in gender, age, smoking, presence of diabetes, arm dominance, period of tear unattended, pre-operative range of motion, shape and size of tear, degree of tendon retraction, and tendon quality. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes. Whilst stiffness was more frequent in group II (p-value 0.03), retear was more frequent in group I (p-value 0.028) according to the MRI follow-up. Conclusions: During rehabilitation after the arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff, the delay of passive exercise seems to decrease the rate of retear but increase the risk of stiffness.