• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

PURPOSES : The intents of the study are to identify the accident factors and to demonstrate the potentials of tobit model as a tool to study the number of accidents on arterial roads segments. METHODS : This paper uses a tobit regression as a methodology to analyze the factors affecting the number of accidents. In pursuing the above goal, this study gives particular attentions to analyzing the data of 2,446 accidents (1,610 in major arterial roads and 836 in minor arterial roads) occurred on arterial roads in 2007 to 2010. RESULTS : First, 3 accident models which were classified by total arterial roads, major arterial roads and minor arterial roads, and were all statistically significant were developed. Second, the exclusive right-turn lane as common variable, and the number of accident, traffic volume, number of lanes, link length, rate of median, number of entrances, number of pedestrian crossings, number of curves, number of bus stops and exclusive left-turn as specific variables of the models were selected. Finally, the paired sample t-test could not be rejected the null hypotheses of three types of models. CONCLUSIONS : Using data from vehicle accidents on arterial roads, the estimation results show that many factors related to roadway geometrics and traffic characteristics significantly affect to the number of accidents.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2010

Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative disease prevalent in northern climates, and its cause is unknown. The histopathological lesion in multiple sclerosis is the sclerotic "plague", a discrete focus of myelin loss with maintenance of axon segments and glial proliferation. The plaques may be seen in widely different brain and spinal tissues. The common causes of low back pain are psychosomatic disorder, myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome and herniation of nucleus pulposus. Local anesthetics cross the blood-brain barrier and the signs of CNS toxicity appear at a level between 4.5 and $7.0\;{\mu}g/ml$. This is a case report of acute back pain care after mandibular block anesthesia for the surgical extraction of mandibular root rests in an old aged woman with multiple sclerosis.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.22 no.1_2
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• pp.5-14
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• 1979

In several leguminous plants such as acasia, arrowroot and bushclover, growth rate and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the tissues and the variation in the culture media were determined. In water cultrue which was free of added nutrients, nitrogen was found to be largely in the form of nitrate(NO3-N). This NO3-N is believed to be the result of nitrification from NH4-N which was apparently released form the plants. From the studies of organ culture with root segments, the amount of nitrogen released and absorbed was found to be proportional to the amount added to the mediuim. Especially, in the N-plot, the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the tissue reached more than 90% of the amount supplied to the medium already in early stage. On the contrary, in the amount free plot, the amount of nitrogen released from the tissue was lower than the minimum level in the N-plot. The amount of total N and P in the cultured tissue was found to be influenced by the amount of nitrogen addedin the medium. However, the amount of K in the tissue was not related to the nitrogen level in the medium, but rather it was influenced by the amount of added potassium. These findings present little difference in the metabolic pattern among the three species plants studied, and suggest that the woody leguminous plants have some common features in tehir metabolic pattern.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.136-143
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• 2015

This study was performed to comparative investigate the distribution of primary sensory and motor neurons associated with Cheonji(PC1) acupoint by using neural tracing technique. A total 4 SD rats were used in the present study. After anesthesia, the rats received microinjection of $6{\mu}l$ of cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) into the corresponding sites of the acupoints Cheonji(PC1) in the human body for observing the distribution of the related primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia(DRGs) and motor neurons in the spinal cord(C3~T4) and sympathetic ganglia. Three days after the microinjection, the rats were anesthetized and transcardially perfused saline and 4% paraformaldehyde, followed by routine section of the DRGs, sympathetic chain ganglia(SCGs) and spinal cord. Labeled neurons and nerve fibers were detected by immunohistochemical method and observed by light microscope equipped with a digital camera. The labeled neurons were recorded and counted. From this research, the distribution of primary sensory and motor neurons associated with Cheonji(PC1) acupoints were concluded as follows. Muscle meridian related Cheonji(PC1) are controlled by spinal segments of C5~T1, C6~T4, respectively.

• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2005

An efficient plant regeneration system of Gentiana scabra through somatic embryogenesis was established. Leaves and roots of seedlings of Gentiana scabra excised after germination were cultured on MS basal medium with 2,4-D, NAA or BA. Embryogenic callus was obtained on MS medium with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D alone or 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D combimation with 1.0 mg/L BA after 45 days of culture. These embryogenic calli gave rise to somatic embryos, which subsequently developed into plantlets on MS medium without PGRs. Also, shoots were effectively differentiated from embryogenic callus when root segments were cultured on MS medium supplement with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L BA. Shoots were effectively rooted on MS medium without PGRs. In vitro flowers were formed from plantlets cultured on MS medium with $5\%$ sucrose after 60 days of culture.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.575-580
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• 2005

Transitional implants were developed to support provisional restorations and to allow for load-free osseointegration of conventional implants while a patient was provided with immediate esthetics and function and are usually placed simultaneously at the time of definitive implant placement. Transitional implants are placed in a non-submerged fashion in a single-stage surgery and are designed to be immediately loaded. They generally are made of commercially pure titanium or titanium alloy and are designed as 1-piece implants composed of root and crown replacement segments. Transitional implants can be used in a wide range of indications, such as basic use as temporary implant, to support and protect the primary implants during the healing phase, single crown in the edentulous anterior region of mandibular, anchorage for orthodontic treatment, support a surgical and radiographic template, and primary implant to extremely atrophied alveolar crests of the mandible and maxilla. This article describes the clinical use of transitional implants to support the provisional complete denture and single crown in the restricted edenturous central incisor region of mandible.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.370-381
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• 2018

Bioactive natural compounds, isolated from fungal endophytes, play a promising role in the search for novel drugs. They are an inspiring source for researchers due to their enormous structural diversity and complexity. During the present study fungal endophytes were isolated from a well-known medicinal shrub, Berberis aristata DC. and were explored for their antagonistic and antioxidant potential. B. aristata, an important medicinal shrub with remarkable pharmacological properties, is native to Northern Himalayan region. A total of 131 endophytic fungal isolates belonging to eighteen species and nine genera were obtained from three hundred and thirty surface sterilized segments of different tissues of B. aristata. The isolated fungi were classified on the basis of morphological and molecular analysis. Diversity and species richness was found to be higher in leaf tissues as compared to root and stem. Antibacterial activity demonstrated that the crude ethyl acetate extract of 80% isolates exhibited significant results against one or more bacterial pathogens. Ethyl acetate extract of Alternaria macrospora was found to have potential antibacterial activity. Significant antioxidant activity was also found in crude ethyl acetate extracts of Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus flavus. Similarly, antagonistic activity of the fungal endophytes revealed that all antagonists possessed inhibition potential against more than one fungal pathogen. This study is an important step towards tapping endophytic fungal diversity for bioactive metabolites which could be a step forward towards development of novel therapeutic agents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.75 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1986

In order to contribute to the Korean tea-plant culture and tea industry by means of increasing the production of tea-plants, I have performed the tissue culture of the organs of the anther, leaf and stem. As for the culture-material, I have used the anther of tea (Thea sinensis) at the tetrad uninucleate microspore stage and used medium of modified Murashige and Skoog as the basal medium supplemented with the growth regulators of NAA and 2, 4-D, yeast, kinetin and others at various concentrations. As for the handling of material, I have followed the common methods of sterilization and microtoming and paraffine imbedding method and observed systematically periodic changes of the microspores in culture. I have divided the leaf, stem and root into segments and sterilized them and used the modified Murashige and Skoog as the basal medium and observed the differentiation of roots and callus and the results are as follows. 1. In case of anther, I have found 2n callus was found in 30 out of 100 segments in M2 medium. 2. The differentiation of roots appeared in 24.5% of total leaf segments cultured and in 50.5% of stem and in 43.9% of root. 3. When the differentiation of stem in different parts was observed, the most frequent differentiation was found in the second part of all the 4 parts. 4. The most frequent formation of callus was noticed from the anther-walls in case of anther culture and from the veins in case of leaf culture. It is concluded that the seedlings of tea-plant could be multiplied most by means of tissue culture of the second part of the tea-plant stem and reduction in the expenditures of tea-plant propagation was possible through tissue culture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 1988

This study was conducted to establish practical micropropagation of jujube cultivars ('Geumsumg', 'Bokjo') by axillary bud culture. The results are summerized as follows : 1. Addition of activated charcoal to half-strength Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l benzylaminopurine(BAP) enhanced shoot and root growth. At 500mg/l activated charcoal level 'Geumsung' showed best result, and shoot length and the number of multiple shoot were 6.4cm and 10.0, respectively. At 1,000mg/l activated charcoal level 'Bokjo showed best result, and shoot length and the number of multiple shoot were 7.5cm and 12.4, respectively. 2. As indole-3-butyric acid(IBA) concentration increased, rooting and callus growth of microshoot were enhanced. The optimum IBA concentration for shoot elongation and multiplication was 1.0mg/l. 3. Growth responses of shoot-tip and axillary bud segments between two jujube cultivars were different. 'Geumsung' showed that axillary bud explants were about twice better than shoot-tip explants for shoot multiplication, but 'Bokjo' showed that shoot-tip explants mere better than axillary bud explants for shoot elongation and multiplication. 4. In acclimatization processes of plantlets produced in vitro, the survival of plantlets with only root primordia in soil medium was better than that of plantlets with several routs resulting in 97.8%. 5. In cutting of in vitro-derived microshoot, paclobutrazol was more effective than IBA, naphth-aleneacetic acid(NAA) and $Rooton^{(R)}$ in rooting and root growth.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 1995

Six malformin B's produced by Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. were separated by HPLC. Their structures determined by the methods of amino acid analyses, mass spectrometry, and two-dimensional NMR were revealed as cyclic pentapeptides structurally related to malformin $A_1$. Both the NMR and MS/MS data suggest that the respective structures of separated malformin B's were as follows; cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Leu-L-allo-Ile for $B_{1a}$, cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Leu-L-Leu for $B_{1b}$, cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Val-L-Leu for $B_2$, cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Ile-L-Leu for $B_3$, cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Ile-L-Ile for $B_4$, and cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Val-L-Ile for $B_5$. Among the malformin B's, the structure of $B_{1b}$ was the same as that of malformin $A_3$ or C. All the malformin B's showed physiological activities in the two assay systems using corn(Zea mays L.) roots and mung bean(Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) hypercotyl segments. The malformin B's with molecular weight 529 were more effective for inducing corn root curvature than those with molecular weight 515. The difference in molecular weight of malformin B's, i.e., the retention time on HPLC, results in the polarity change of the whole malformin molecule which affects the revealation of the malformin activities. In addition, the disulfide form of the malformin B's gives the rigidity of the molecule, whereas the combination of the fourth and the fifth amino acid residues provides the optimal three-dimensional configuration to the malformin receptor of plants. Presumably, these two factors are appeared to be essential for the greatest physiological activity of malformin B's. malformin $B_{1a}$ caused the corn root curvature by 90% at a concentration of $0.25{\mu}M$. However, such differential activities with molecular weight of 529 or 515 of malformin B's were not found in the mung bean hypercotyl segment test. Maximum stimulation of mung bean hypercotyl growth was observed at $0.1{\mu}M$ concentration of malformin B's. The growth of the segments treated with $B_5$ was 154% greater than that of the control.