• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.183-189
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• 2003

Platycodi Radix, the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, commonly known as Doraji, is used as a traditional oriental medicine. Extracts from the roots of P. grandiflorum have been reported to have wide ranging health benefits. We investigated the effects of an aqueous extract from the roots of P. grandiflorum (AEPG) on the cell proliferation of human lung carcinoma A549 cells in order to understand its anti-proliferative mechanism. AEPG treatment resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. This anti-proliferative effect of A549 cells by AEPG treatment was associated with morphological changes such as membrane shrinking, cell rounding up and inhibition of cell migration. DNA flow cytometric histograms showed that populations of both Sand G2/M phase of the cell cycle were increased by AEPG treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. AEPG treatment induced a marked accumulation of tumor suppressor p53 and a concomitant induction of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 and p27. In addition, SSS treatment resulted in down-regulation of Cdk2 and Cdk4 expression. The present results indicated that AEPG-induced inhibition of lung cancer cell proliferation is associated with the blockage of S to G2/M phase progression the induction of apoptosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that P. grandiflorum has strong potential for development as an agent for prevention against human lung cancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.100.1-100
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• 2003

A dctA gene encoding a protein with identity to a C4-dicarboxylate/H+ was cloned from a beneficial biocontrol bacterium, P. chororaphis O6. Expression of the dctA was induced in minimal medium by several organic acids and was repressed by glucose. Highest expression was observed in early-log cells grown on fumarate and succinate with decline as cells approached late-log phase. The dctA transcript accumulated weakly when cells were grown on malate but strong expression was observed with benzoate. Expression of the dctA transcript was repressed in early-log cells upon addition of glucose to fumarate, but was detected as the cell culture aged. A dctA-deficient mutant of O6, constructed by marker exchange mutagenesis, did not grow on minimal medium containing succinate, benzoate, or fumarate, and growth on malate was delayed. The dctA mutant and wild type grew equally on glucose. The dctA mutant on cucumber roots in sterilized potting soil was colonized at levels comparable to those of the wild type, but induction level of disease resistance by the mutant against target leaf spot disease was decreased. These results may indicate that the dctA is essential for utilization of certain organic acids and its expression is controlled by the availability of sugars. In addition, the dctA is not essenitial for cucumber root colonization, but important for induction of disease resistance.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2018

Lilium ledebourii Bioss is a wild species of Lilium, which grows naturally in some provinces of Iran. Previous studies on Lilium tissue culture have been linked to direct regeneration and a few studies have been conducted on indirect regeneration, which has been studied under bright conditions. In this study, for the first time in the world, all the stages of indirect regeneration (callus induction, shoot and root induction) have been studied under dark conditions. Callus formation and the regeneration levels of L. Ledebourii Bioss were examined for three replicates in an MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium with different hormonal compositions and by using a factorial experiment in the framework of a completely random plan. For callus initiation, 2,4-D and kinetin hormones were used in five and four levels, respectively, as auxin and cytokinin. Results showed that the highest percentage of the callus was found in $3{\mu}M$ of 2,4-D and $0.5{\mu}M$ of kinetin. In terms of callus wet weight, the highest amount was found in $3{\mu}M$ of 2,4-D and $0.5{\mu}M$ of kinetin. In addition, in terms of diameter, the highest amount was found in $3{\mu}M$ of 2,4-D, and $0.5{\mu}M$ of kinetin. In summary, the 2,4-D hormone had a major impact on the percentage of regeneration increase so that the best response was related to the composition of $3{\mu}M$ of 2,4-D, and $0.1{\mu}M$ of kinetin. This study contended that auxin and cytokinin can induce long shoots and roots through cell elongation in dark condition.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

Korean red ginseng, the processed root of Panax ginseng Meyer, has been frequently used for various therapeutic purposes in oriental medicine. The present study investigated the possible effect of Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) for the treatment of liver fibrosis in mice injected with carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) for 4 wk. Liver injuries were assessed by blood biochemistry and histopathology in mice treated with $CCl_4$ alone or $CCl_4$+ RGE (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg). Concomitant treatment with RGE and $CCl_4$ (three times/wk for 4 wk) effectively inhibited liver fibrosis as evidenced by decreases in plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, as well as by the percentages of degenerative regions, numbers of degenerative hepatocytes, and collagen accumulation in hepatic parenchyma. Treatment with $CCl_4$ for 4 wk increased mRNA levels of transforming growth factor ${\beta}1$ and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in fibrogenic liver, whereas RGE (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) significantly blocked the induction of fibrogenic genes by $CCl_4$. Similarly, RGE also prevented transforming growth factor ${\beta}1$-mediated induction of fibrogenic genes in human hepatic stellate cell lines. More importantly, RGE markedly reduced the number of ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin-positive cells in liver tissue. This study implies that RGE efficaciously protects against the liver fibrosis induced by chronic $CCl_4$ treatment, and may therefore have potential to treat liver disease.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1152-1157
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• 2008

Hyperlipidemia has been treated as one of the most important etiological cause factor in 21th century. The cortex and root of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (AR), a herbal medicine, have been used for several diseases including cardiovascular diseases in Oriental countries. Recently, we reported that AR has anti-hyperlipidemic action. BS-01 was made using extract from AR. For these reasons, we investigated the effects of BS-01 as anti-hyperlipidemic drug through measurement of body weights, cholesterol levels, total lipid, phospholipid in serum. In our results, mice induced by high fat diet elevated body weight level compared to naive group. And total lipid in serum was also elevated by induction of hyperlipidemia. In BS-01 group, body weight of mice was lowered significantly compared to that of control group. Oral administration of BS-01 decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride level back to that of naive mice. HDL and LDL cholesterol levels were not affected by BS-01. In addition, total lipid level, which elevated by induction of hyperlipidemia was also lowered by oral administration of BS-01. Finally, free fatty acid level was lowered in BS-01 group. These results demonstrate that BS-01 lowered body weight and titers involved in hyperlipdemia such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid and total lipid. In these results, we demonstrate that BS-01 has anti-hyperlipidemic action.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effects of various media compositions in regeneration of Lilium lancifolium. The adventitious bud initiation from microscale was the best on MS medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L after 4 weeks of culture. However, from bulbscales, adventitious bud initiation was the best in dark condition on MS medium supplemented with BAP 0.5 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L. On the other hand, callus induction was found to be the best from the microscales incubated in complete dark condition for 8 weeks on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L and BAP 0.1 mg/L. The highest plantlet regeneration from callus was obtained after incubation in the light condition for 8 weeks on MS medium supplemented with NAA 0.5 mg/L and BAP 0.1 mg/L. Rooting of shoots was obtained easily on MS medium and the plantlets were transferred to soil pots after 8 weeks. The chromosome analysis of the root tip cells was revealed that the callus-derived plantlets had normal chromosome number, 2n=24. No variation was observed in the morphology of the plantlets.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

Purpose: This study examined the effects of pre-eccentric exercise to the quadriceps for the prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and recovery of muscular function, depending on the training intensities. Methods: Subjects were divided into one of three groups that control group, a low intensity eccentric exercise group (LIEE group) and a high intensity eccentric exercise group (HIEE group). Subjects who underwent pre-eccentric exercise undertook exercise at an intensity of 25% and 75% of maximal voluntary contractions, respectively. After undertaking pre-eccentric exercise for eight weeks, eccentric exercise was applied again to induce DOMS. Measurements were conducted to examine pain and muscular function changes before, immediately after, after the induction of DOMS, and at the first, third, fifth and seventh days after the induction of DOMS. Results: Subjects who underwent pre-eccentric exercise showed a significant difference from the control group for the changes in the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain threshold, pressure pain threshold and muscle thickness by isometric contraction from measuring DOMS, and in particular, pain threshold by isometric contraction had remarkable effect in the LIEE group of subjects. For the change of the root mean square values using mechanomyography (MMG) as the measurement of muscular function recovery, subjects who had undertaken pre-eccentric exercise group showed a significant difference as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Pre-eccentric exercise was very effective in preventing and recovering delayed onset muscle soreness and was helpful to prevent and recover from decreased muscular function. The difference based on the intensity of exercise was not great, but it was more effective in the low intensity eccentric exercise group of subjects. Therefore, it can be considered that pre-eccentric exercise has a high application value as a physical therapy intervention for prevention and rehabilitation of sports injuries.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2005

Brassinosteroids are steroidal plant hormones and are known to modulate physiological and cellular response in a wide range of plant species. Considerable insights has been achieved of the physiological role of brassinosteroid in Brassica species in the past few years, but their effect on direct organogenesis has not been extensively studied. In this sense, under optimal basal media and growth conditions we tested the cellular and organogenic response of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) in a variable concentration (0.1 to $5.0\;{\mu}M$) and Zeatin (Z) (1.0 to $100\;{\mu}M$) and their synergic effect on hypocotyl explants of cauliflower and broccoli. The isolated EBL accelerated cell elongation and promotes direct organogenesis. One micromolar EBL + $10\;{\mu}M$ of Z was the most efficient combination for cell elongation, cell differentiation as well as for organogenesis. A suppressing effect on root induction was confirmed for all the tested hormone levels. The general results indicate a synergic effect of EBL-Z and EBL potentates Zeatin activity, at least in certain tissues. Besides de genetic factors, we can speculate that the natural hormone concentration in the explants might affect the responses by application of exogenous growth regulators. Experiments with new plant growth regulators, like brassinolide, are important aiming to maximize or accelerate plant regeneration for in vitro multiplication or for genetic transformation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 1995

This study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for induction and different somatic of somatic embryos as well as germination of encapsulated and stored somatic embryos. Somatic embryos was better formed in 1/2X MS medium than full - strength MS medium. 0.1 to 1.0mg/lBA and kinetin promoted shoot differentiation of somatic embryos. Higher concentration tend to inhibit differentiation. IAA affect positively both root and shoot growth. In vitro germination of somatic embryos encapsulated with 2% alginate matrix containing 1/2 MS nutrient medium and $AgNO_3$ 5mg/l was 86%. Storage of somatic embryos was effecive at $5^{\circ}C$ but the germination rate decreased with longer storage period. RAPD analyses with plants regenerated from the somatic embryos showed DNA polymorphism, indicating abolition of primer binding site by point mutation, deletion, or insertion of certain sequences.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1987.07a
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• pp.213-237
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• 1987

In vitro flowering system may minimize the confounded influence of non-floral meristem parts of plants in studying the relationship of a given treatment and flowering responses. We have induced flower buds from plantlets regenerated from zygotic embryo-derived somatic embryos of ginseng, which circumvented the normal 2-year juvenile period before flowering. The result suggests that the adulthood of ginseng root explants in the experiment previously conducted by Chang and Hsing (1980; Nature 284: 341-342) is not prerequired to flowering of plantlets regenerated through somatic embryogenesis. We have also induced flower buds from elongated axillary brandches from cotyledonary nodes by culturing ginseng zygotic embryos, seedlings, and excised cotyledonary nodes. It was found that 6-benzyladenine (BA) supplemented to the medium was essential for flowering, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) was inhibitory. Gibberellic acid(GA3) was also required for flowering when ABA was present with BA in the medium. The results suggest that cytokinins, gibberellins, and inhibitors play primary, permissive, and preventive roles, respective-ly, in the induction of flowering of ginseng. Tran Thanh Van (1980; Int. Rev. Cytol., Suppl. IIA: 175-194) has developed the "thin cell layer system" in which the induction of shoots, roots, or flower buds from epidermal layer explants were controlled by culture conditions and exogenous growth regulators in the medium, Utilizing the thin cell layer system, Meeks-Wagner et al. (1989; The Plant Cell 1: 25-35) have cloned genes specifically expressed during floral evocation. However, the system is too tedious for obtaining a sufficient amount of plant materials for biochmical and molecular biological studies of flowering. We have developed a garlic callus culture system and one obvious advantaging over the thin cell layer system is that an abundant cells committed to develope into flower buds proliferate. When the above cells were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with those which have just lost the competence for developing into flower buds, a few putative proteins specific to floral evocation were detected. The garlic callus culture system can be further explored for elucidation of the molecular biological mechanism of floral evocation and morphogenesis.hogenesis.