• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2007

이염화이소시아뉼산나트륨 (NaDCC)은 염소 화합물의 일종으로 차아염소산나트륨 (NaOCl)과 비교 시 동일한 농도의 용액에서 같은 염소 이온을 가지고 있으며 비슷한 정도의 항균력을 가진다고 알려져 있다 이 연구의 목적은 이염화이소시아뉼산나트륨 근관 내 사용 시 시간에 따른 항균성을 평가하고 이를 현재 근관세척제로 사용되고 있는 차아염소산나트륨 및 클로르헥시딘 (CHX)과 비교하고자 하였다. E. faecalis에 대한 세 가지 제재의 최소증식억제 농도 (MIC)를 실험한 결과 NaOCl과 NaDCC에서는 0.125%를 보였고 CHX에서는 0.063%로 나타났다. 근관 내 사용에 대한 실험은 최근에 발거된 128개의 단근치를 사용하였으며 치경부와 치근단 부위를 절단하여 10 mm 길이를 가지는 시편을 만들었다. 시편의 내경은 #3 Gates-Glidden drill을 이용하여 동일하게 하였다. 각각의 치아 시편의 근관 내에 E. faecalis를 접종하고 3일간 배양한 후 40개씩 3개의 군으로 분류하고 대조군으로 8개의 시편을 이용하였다. 실험군 1, 2, 3은 각각 NaDCC, NaOCl, CHX으로 근관세척하였고 대조군은 멸균된 식염수를 이용하였다. 각 군은 다시 12시간, 24시간, 72시간, 7일의 시간에 따라 4개의 하위 군으로 분류하였다. 정해진 시간이 지난 후 멸균된 paper point를 이용하여 근관 내용물을 채취하고 BHI agar plate로 옮겨 배양하였다. 그 후 #4, 5GG drill을 이용하여 근관 내면을 삭제하고 이 때 생겨나는 상아질을 멸균된 증류수가 들어있는 시험관에 넣었다. 이것을 희석하여 BHI agar plate로 옮겨 배양하였다. 24시간이 지난 후 bacterial CFU를 측정하였다. 실험 결과 모든 실험군에서 bacterial CFU가 관찰되지 않았고 E. faecalis에 대한 세 가지 제재 모두 비슷한 항균 효과를 보였다. 멸균된 식염수를 이용한 대조군에서는 모두 bacterial CFU가 존재하였다. NaDCC를 근관세척제로 사용할 경우 1주 이내의 시간 동안에는 적절한 항균효과를 유지 할 수 있을 것이라 생각되며 임상에 적용하기 위해서는 조직 용해도를 비롯한 치근단 조직에 대한 직접적인 영향 등의 평가가 더 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2015

Objectives: The usage of medicinal plants as natural antimicrobial agents has grown in many fields including dental medicine. The aim of this in vitro study was three-fold: (i) to determine the chemical compositions of the Ferula gummosa essential oil (FGEO), (ii) to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of the oil with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX), (iii) to assess the toxic behavior of FGEO in different concentrations compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX. Materials and Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine the chemical compositions of the oil. The disk diffusion method and a broth micro-dilution susceptibility assay were exploited to assess the antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, and Candida albicans. The cytocompatibility of the FGEO was assessed on L929 fibroblasts, and compared to that of NaOCl and CHX. Results: Twenty-seven constituents were recognized in FGEO. The major component of the oil was ${\beta}$-pinene (51.83%). All three irrigants significantly inhibited the growth of all examined microorganisms compared to the negative control group. FGEO at $50{\mu}g/mL$ was effective in lower concentration against Enterococcus faecalis than 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX, and was also more potent than 0.2% CHX against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. FGEO was a cytocompatible solution, and had significantly lower toxicity compared to 5% NaOCl and 0.2% CHX. Conclusions: FGEO showed a promising biological potency as a root canal disinfectant. More investigations are required on the effectiveness of this oil on intracanal bacterial biofilms.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.28.1-28.13
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the application method of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and its influence on the adhesion of fiberglass posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement. Materials and Methods: Sixty human mandibular premolars were endodontically treated and divided into 5 groups (n = 12), according to the canal irrigant and its application method: 2 groups with conventional syringe irrigation (CSI)-2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (control) and 2% CHX- and 3 groups with 2% CHX irrigation/activation-by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Easy Clean file, and XP-Endo Finisher file. Two roots per group were evaluated for smear layer (SL) removal by scanning electron microscopy. For other roots, fiber posts were luted using a self-adhesive resin cement. The roots were sectioned into 6 slices for push-out bond strength (BS) (7/group) and nanoleakage (NL) (3/group). Data from SL removal were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (α = 0.05). Data from BS and NL were evaluated by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: For SL removal and BS, the CHX irrigation/activation promoted better values than CSI with CHX (p < 0.05), but it was not significantly different from CSI with NaOCl (p > 0.05). For NL, the lowest values were obtained by the chlorhexidine irrigation/activation groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Active 2% CHX irrigation can be used to improve the post space cleaning and adhesion before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cements.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2015

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of copolymer of acrylic acid and maleic acid (Poly[AA-co-MA]) and calcium hypochlorite ($Ca(OCl)_2$) on root canal dentin using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four single-rooted teeth were instrumented and the apical and coronal thirds of each root were removed, leaving the 5 mm middle thirds, which were then separated into two pieces longitudinally. The specimens were randomly divided into six groups and subjected to each irrigant for 5 min as follows: G1, $Ca(OCl)_2$; G2, Poly(AA-co-MA); G3, $Ca(OCl)_2$ + Poly(AA-co-MA); G4, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G5, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); G6, NaOCl+EDTA. The specimens were prepared for SEM evaluation. Smear layer, debris and erosion scores were recorded by two blinded examiners. One image from G3 was analyzed with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) on suspicion of precipitate formation. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. Results: G1 and G4 showed the presence of debris and smear layer and they were statistically different from G2, G3, G5 and G6 where debris and smear layer were totally removed (p < 0.05). In G1 and G4, erosion evaluation could not be done because of debris and smear layer. G2, G3 and G5 showed no erosion, and there was no significant difference between them. G6 showed severe erosion and was statistically different from G2, G3 and G5 (p < 0.05). EDS microanalysis showed the presence of Na, P, and Ca elements on the surface. Conclusions: Poly(AA-co-MA) is effective in removing the smear layer and debris without causing erosion either alone or with $Ca(OCl)_2$.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.23.1-23.12
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to summarize the outcome of in vitro studies comparing the antibacterial effectiveness of QMix with other irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: The research question was developed by using population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design framework. The literature search was performed using 3 electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost until October 2019. The additional hand search was performed from the reference list of the eligible studies. The risk of bias of the studies was independently appraised using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0). Results: Fourteen studies were included in this systematic review. The overall risk of bias for the selected studies was moderate. QMix was found to have a higher antimicrobial activity compared to 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), mixture of tetracycline isonomer, an acid and a detergent (MTAD), 0.2% Cetrimide, SilverSol/H2O2, HYBENX, and grape seed extract (GSE). QMix had higher antibacterial efficacy compared to NaOCl, only when used for a longer time (10 minutes) and with higher volume (above 3 mL). Conclusions: QMix has higher antibacterial activity than 17% EDTA, 2% CHX, MTAD, 0.2% Cetrimide, SilverSol/H2O2, HYBENX, GSE and NaOCl with lower concentration. To improve the effectiveness, QMix is to use for a longer time and at a higher volume.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.80-87
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• 2010

이 실험의 목적은 NaOCl과 CHX의 혼합사용 시, 발생하는 침전물의 형성을 막기 위해 두 용액간의 접촉을 줄일 수 있는 여러 가지 방법을 비교하고, 관찰된 침전물의 원소를 분석하는 것이다. 발거된 50개의 단근치를 사용하였으며 2.5% NaOCl을 이용하여 .04 taper ProFile #40까지 근관형성 하였다. 치아는 다음과 같은 근관세척 방법에 따라 4개의 실험군과 1개의 대조군으로 나누었다; 대조군: 2.5% NaOCl, 1군: 2.5% NaOCl + 2% CHX, 2군: 2.5% NaOCl + paper points + 2% CHX, 3군: 2.5% NaOCl + .04/#45 근관확대 + 2% CHX, 4군: 2.5% NaOCl +95% alcohol+ 2% CHX. 근관세척 후 치아를 양분하고 치관부, 중간부, 치근부 세부위로 나누어 전계 방사형 주사 전자현미경을 통하여 잔사 비율, 개방 상아세관 비율, 상아세관 내 물질의 원소분석을 시행하였다. 실험결과, 실험군 사이에 잔사비율과 개방된 상아세관 비율 비교에서 통계학 적으로 유의할 만한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 1 군의 한 시편에서 C의 함유량이 높게 나타났으며 N과 Cl도 함께 검출되어 para-chloraniline으로 추정되며, 1 군의 다른 시편과 나머지 실험군에서는 O, P, C, Ca의 순으로 함유량이 높은 것으로 나타나 수산화인회석으로 추정된다. NaOCl 세척 후 바로 CHX 세척을 한 군에서 PCA로 의심되는 물질이 검출된 바, 두 용액의 직접적인 접촉을 피하기 위해 주의가 필요하며, 본 실험에 사용된 여러 근관 세척방법 이용 시 침전물의 형성을 예방할 수 있을 것이다.