• 패션비즈니스
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.104-116
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• 2004

Kanga is a type of cotton clothes with splendid patterns that East African women throw on their bodies. It first appeared in the East African shores in the mid-nineteenth century. A new style of squared handkerchiefs brought to Africa by Portuguese merchants for the first time was referred as to leso of which early designs were in a basic form of white dots on dark background. Consumers called such material by kanga as they began mentioning its craftiness and comparing its elegant nature to a sociable red rooster and graceful feathers. From the early 1990s, Swahili characters have been embroidered in designs of kanga, mainly consisted of proverbs. Kenya's kanga products are widely known and well represented whereas Tanzania makes the best use of it for political and social events. Fascinating and practical kanga has established its position as an essential part of East African cultures that is being well received as a fashion style there in these days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.175-178
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• 1995

Semen was collected from Taiwan commercial local chickens, the diluted sperm suspension were placed in the Gene Pulser cuvette for electroporation. The motility, mortality and abnormality of spermatozoa were evaluated. The fertility and hatchability were also investigated. The results showed that smaller motility and greater mortality or abnormality than the control were found when the capacitances were increased either for spermatozoa treated with small capacitances(0.25, 1, 3 and $25{\mu}$ FD) or treated with high capacitances (125, 250, 500 and $960{\mu}$ FD). In general, greater field strengths also resulted in smaller motility and greater mortality or abnormality of spermatozoa. Although the electroporation decrease the fertility there were no effect on the hatchability.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표논문집
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• pp.116-117
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• 2002

보존온도별(5, 25, 35$^{\circ}C$)로 정액과 희석액의 비율(1：1, 1：2, 1：3)을 달리하여 보존시간(1, 3, 6시간)에 따른 정자운동성을 조사한바, 5$^{\circ}C$ 냉장 온도에서는 희석배율에 따른 보존시간별 정자운동성은 차이가 없었으나, $25^{\circ}C$ 상온에서 6시간, 35$^{\circ}C$ 고온에서 3시간 이상 보존할 때 정액과 희석액의 비율이 1：1보다는 1：2 비율에서 정자운동성이 현저히 높게 유지되었다(P<0.05). 온도가 높을수록 1：1 배율보다는 1：2 이상 희석배율을 높여 주었을 때 정자의 운동성을 높게 유지시킬 수 있었다. Skim milk glucose액을 사용하여 닭 정액을 희석한 후 인공수정 하였을 때, 1회 주입정자수를 0.2, 0.4, 1 및 2억으로 하였을 때 각각 90.67, 94.00, 96.00 및 98.67%의 수정율을 나타냈다. 90%이상의 수정율을 얻기 위해서는 0.2억 이상의 정자 주입이 필요하며, 94%이상 안정적인 수정율을 얻기 위해서는 0.4억의 정자가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.838-844
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and true amino acids digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced in China. Twenty five sources of corn DDGS was collected from 8 provinces of China. A precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine TMEn and amino acids digestibility with 35 adult cecectomized roosters, in which each DDGS sample was tube fed (30 g). The average content of ash, crude protein, total amino acid, ether extract, crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were 4.81, 27.91, 22.51, 15.22, 6.35 and 37.58%, respectively. TMEn of DDGS ranged from 1,779 to 3,071 kcal/kg and averaged 2,517 kcal/kg. Coefficient of variation for non-amino acid crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and TMEn were 55.0, 15.7, 15.9 and 17.1%, respectively. The average true amino acid digestibility was 77.32%. Stepwise regression analysis obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = -2,995.6+0.88${\times}$gross energy+$49.63{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 248.8; RMSE = 190.8; p<0.01). Removing gross energy from the model obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = 57.88${\times}$ether extracts+$87.62{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 254.3, RMSE = 223.5; p<0.01). No correlation was found between color scores and lysine true digestibility (p>0.05). These results suggest that corn DDGS produced in China has a large variation in chemical composition, and gross energy and $a^*$ value can be used to generate TMEn predict equation.

• 대한수의사회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.49-61
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• 1984

본 실험의 목적은 육용계의 성장에 따른 웅성생식기의 정상발육상을 분명하게 하기 위한 것이다. 'Arbor acres' 육용웅계 160수를 사육하면서 2주령부터 30주령까지의 주령별로(27군) 성장에 따른 개체, 계관, 정소, 기타 내분필선의 중량변화와 정소의 조직학적 변화상을 관찰하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같이 요약되었다. 1. 체중은 8주령에서 급증하여 9주령에서는 약 2kg에 달하였으며 주령과 체중사이에 삼중선형회귀식이 성립되었다. 정소와 계관의 중량은 23$\~$26주령사이에 그리고 24$\~$27주령사이에 각각 급증하였으며 양자 다같이 상응한 발육곡선을 보임과 동시에 주령과 중량사이에 중선형회귀식이 성립되었다. 2. 뇌하수체중량은 7주령에서 최고의 증가를 보였으며 주령과 중량간에 중선형회귀식이 성립되었다. 갑상선의 발육곡선은 많은 기복을 보이는 반면에 부갑상선은 대체로 평탄한 발육곡선을 보였으며 양자 다같이 주령과 중량사이에 직선형회귀식이 성립되었다. 부신중량은 그 변화가 매우 심하였지만 직선형회귀식이 성립되었고 췌장중량은 10주령까지의 사이에 현저한 증가를 보인 후 기복이 심하였으며 주령에 따른 중량변화는 중선형회귀식이 성립되었고 췌장중량과 체중과의 사이에서는 직선형회귀식이 성립되었다. 흉선은 2주령에 1gm이던 것이 9주령에 약 8gm으로 크게 증가하였다가 그후 일진일퇴하여 30주령에 가까워져도 3$\~$4gm 정도의 무게로 잔존하였으며 주령과 중량사이에 삼중선형회귀식이 성립되었다. 3 계체, 계관, 정소 및 전기한 내분필선의 주령별 중량변화의 상호간상관관계에 있어서는 흉선에 대한 다른 모든 기구와의 상관 부신에 대한 계체, 계관, 췌장, 정소, 흉선의 상간 그리고 췌장에 대한 계관, 정소,부신, 흉선과의 상관을 제외하고는 모두 유의적 상관이 인정되었다. 4. 정세관의 크기는 강경에 있어서 다같이 전소급발시기보다 1주일 앞선 22주령에서 부터 급성장 (p. 0.01)하였고 그 발육곡선은 정소발육과 평행하였다. 이 것과는 대조적으로 백막의 두께는 완만한 증가를 보였다. 5. 정세관의 정자형성과정에 있어서 정조세포는 첫2주령부터 나타나 주령이 더해짐에 따라 그 크기와 수가 증가하였다. 정모세포는 9주령에서 정낭세포는 10주령에서 정자세포는 16주령에서 첫 출현을 보였으며 23주령에서는 관찰한 모든 정세관에서 정자세포를 볼 수 있었다. 성숙정자는 23주령에서 처음 출현하였다. 6, 정소와 정세관이 커짐에 따라 정소간질은 완만하게 축소되어 있으며 정소중량이 급성장하는 시기인 24영주에서 정세관물질의 비율은 $96\%$였다. 간질조직내에서 형성되는 Leydig Cell는 간질축소와 무관하여 주령에 따라 그 수가 증가되었으며 그 주령에서의 세포수구에 비하여 30주령에서는 2배인 24로 나타났다. 7. 정소중량, 정조세포의 수 및 크기, 정세관의 강경과 관경 그리고 백막의 두께 등의 상호간의 상관관계에 있어서는 모두 유의적인 상관으로 나타났다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. Methods: Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O₂ consumption (VO₂), CO₂ production (VCO₂), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO₂ and VCO₂. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R-t)×I+L; I = 1 if t<R or I = 0 if t>R; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. Results: The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg^0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg^0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.97-101
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• 1994

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of ambient temperature and nicarbazin on SCWL adult roosters. In Experiment 1, the effects of nicarbazin supplementation (125 ppm) on the water metabolism, blood acid-base balance; and rectal temperature of 16 birds in normal ($21^{\circ}C$) and hot ($35-36^{\circ}C$) temperature were investigated. In Experiment 2, the evaporative water loss and $CO_2$ exhalation from 8 birds were measured individually with an open-circuit gravimetric respiration apparatus in normal ($21^{\circ}C$) and hot ($33.5-34^{\circ}C$) temperature. The amount of water intake and evaporative water loss increased in birds under heat stress (HS). Nicarbazin exacerbated these effect in hot temperature. Also, nicarbazin decreased the blood $pCO_2$ and increased pH of HS birds. The rectal temperature of birds increased in hot temperature, and nicarbazin worsened this effect. The evaporative water loss, measured directly with respiration apparatus (Experiment 2), was increased in hot temperature. HS decreased the amount of $CO_2$ exhalation. Nicarbazin did not exert ant effect on either of these measurements, probably due to the limited duration (2 h) of the trial. The decrease in $CO_2$ exhalation by HS birds could be explained by reduced metabolic rate, which helps homeothermy of birds in hot temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1178-1182
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• 2008

The present study was designed to assess the influence of caeca on the availability of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and copper from soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, sesame, fish and meat cum bone meal in adult roosters. The excretion of endogenous origin minerals viz., copper, magnesium, manganese and calcium was significantly (p<0.001) higher in caecectomized than in normal roosters. The difference in the endogenous excretion was 50; 60.45; 40.35 and 29.63 per cent for copper, magnesium, manganese and calcium, respectively, in caecectomized roosters. The caeca played a pivotal role in the reabsorption of endogenous origin calcium, magnesium, manganese and copper. The mechanism of phosphorus absorption by the caecal epithelium was negligible. The caecectomized roosters underestimated the bioavailability of copper in sunflower meal and manganese in almost all the test feedstuffs. The present investigation revealed that the caeca played a critical role in the absorption of minerals from vegetable protein feedstuffs which escape digestion and absorption in the small and large intestinal segments.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제21권
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• pp.271-288
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• 2010

In their everyday life, people form social phenomena and relations through the shapes and habits of animals. Therefore, animals contain the idea of the way of life of certain nations, spiritual and cultural feelings, and the symbolic meaning which can be recognized between the members of the unique nation. The symbolism of animals varies depending on different nations, because the adages are the essence of the language including their culture, thought, custom, and life. Examining their own adages can be one of the ways to find out what the animals symbolize in different nations. Another reason is that they are the dictionaries, reflecting their own way of thinking and traditional values, so to speak. The research shows that, between Korean and Chinese adages, it is in a similar frequency, using materials such as mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles, and insects. The adages are focused on the 12 animals which is familiar to both nations, a rat, an ox, a tiger, a rabbit, a dragon, a snake, a horse, a lamb, a monkey, a rooster, a dog and a boar. We compared the symbolism, the surface meanings in adages, and the figurative meanings of these animals in Korea and China. As a result, it is found that some are almost the same in usage. However, some are totally different such as expressions related to the animals, the cultural differences and clear understanding. It is necessary to do comparative researches in a detailed and various way by studying the issues derived from verbalism.

• 복식
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.173-186
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• 2002

Street Style, occurred in British and America, has been expressed the character of the new generation by repeating developments and changes. Nowadays, pop music reflects the phase of society. and simultaneously it has influence on from culture to society. Rock Music was rooted in Country 8l western of America. Upon Country & Western, Afro-Americans Rhythm & Blues was added, and that was the birth of Rockabilly. Rockabilly developed to Rock'n 'roll and it started to change to various forms of Rock since 1950s. As the commercial impact and the breakthrough of teenagers emotion, the rock culture comprised the base of the youth culture. However. it formed the anti-establishment culture against the established value, accepting working class subculture. The teenager culture was affected by the Rock culture, also found relief in the opulence provided by the established generation, imitating it as it was. Simultaneously, it had a contrary aspect as anti-establishment form under the banner of revolt against languor in richness. The youth culture created street style that was escaped from high fashion, every time Rock music had changes. Since Street style was based on resistance of established culture and it fully refused vogue, it was indifferent from high fashion. The results of this study were as following. First, every time Rock music had changes, the new youth culture was concomitant with, the youth culture created street style. Secondly, rockahibilly style was characterized as diamond shaped design, embroidery, extra wide shirt collar, vivid contrast color . Rockers style was represented as metal studs, beads, denim, leather jacket, boots. Fusion of hippies style and Psychedelic, long hair, beads. worn denim were elements of headbangers style. Punks style was characterized as ripped T-shirt. rooster hair, over decorated jacket, short skirt. net or plastic T-shirt. Lastly, the firm relation between popular art and fashion was proved by examining the history of Rock Music and Street Style.