• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2009년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.100-103
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• 2009

The impermeable area on the surface of city has been increased as buildings and artificial landcover have continually been increased. Urban development has gradually decreased the green zone in downtown and alienated the city from the natural environment on outskirt area devastating the natural eco system. There arise the environmental problems peculiar to city including urban heat island phenomenon, urban flood, air pollution and urban desertification. As one of urban plans to solve such problems, green roof system is attracting attentions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the heat reduction effect according to the development of green roof system and to quantify the heat reduction effect by analyzing through simulation the heat environment before and after green roof system. For thermal environment analysis, Thermo-Render 3.0 was used that was developed by Tokyo Industrial College to simulate. The simulation showed that the heat island index before and after the development of tree-planting on rooftop changed maximum $0.86^{\circ}C$ and the surface temperature changed about $20^{\circ}C$. Only with lawn planting, heat reduction effect was great and it means that the green roof system in low-management-light-weight type is enough to see effect. The simulation identified that only lawn planting for green rooftop brought such difference and could lower the heat island index at a narrow area. It is judged that application of green roof system to wider areas might relieve urban heat island phenomenon positively.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2009

지금까지 한국에 도입된 LNG 저장탱크의 지붕형식은 지상식 탱크 및 지중식 탱크를 막론하고 모두 콘크리트 지붕형이었다. 그러나 저장탱크의 대형화와 경제성 측면에서의 장점으로 강재 지붕형 탱크의 도입이 적극적으로 검토되고 있다. 본고에서는 최적 설계된 200,000$k{\ell}$ 강재 지붕형 LNG 저장탱크의 강재지붕에 대한 충격 및 화재 안전성 평가기법을 개발하여 이를 표준화하고 기존의 콘크리트 지붕형 탱크와 비교 평가함으로써 강재 지붕형 탱크의 충격 및 화재에 대한 정량적인 안전성 자료를 확보하였다. 각각 도출된 4가지의 충격하중 및 화재 시나리오에 대해 유한요소해석기법을 이용해서 안전성평가를 수행하였다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the elevations of standard rural house designs after the 1990's. Various types of analysis were carried out on a total of 18 different sizes and 50 types of designs with p'yong sizes ranging from 12 to 44. The objects of analysis are the various elevations & the roof types that were supplied in the standard rural house design according to each year 1995 (8 sizes 20 types), 1997 (8 sizes 8 types), 1998 (l size 8 types), 2000 (2 sizes 4 types), 2001 (2 sizes 4 types), and 2004 (3 sizes 6 types). Results from the analysis demonstrate that (1) The gable roof has been used as the roofing type for standard rural house design since 1990. However the roof types of the standard rural house design includes only a few different types of gable roofs and roof materials(most roof types use asphalt shingle). (2) While most front elevations have been altered from asymmetrical to symmetrical most rear elevations have evolved from symmetrical to asymmetrical proportions since the 1990's (3) While siding materials and red-brick were most commonly used the main outer-wall materials prior to 2000, environmentally-friendly materials have been used as outer-wall materials since 2000. (4) In terms of the analysis of outer-wall objects before 2000 the walls were even, yet after 2000 these outer-walls evolved to become concave-convex walls. In other words, the evolution of the outer-wall has included a variety of wall types.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2012

Background : Orbital roof fractures are frequently associated with a high energy impact to the craniofacial region, and displaced orbital roof fractures can cause ophthalmic and neurologic complications and occasionally require open surgical intervention. The purpose of this article was to investigate the clinical features and treatment outcomes of orbital root fractures combined with neurologic injuries after early reconstruction. Methods : Between January 2006 and December 2008, 45 patients with orbital roof fractures were admitted; among them, 37 patients were treated conservatively and 8 patients underwent early surgical intervention for orbital roof fractures. The type of injuries that caused the fractures, patient characteristics, associated fractures, ocular and neurological injuries, patient management, and treatment outcomes were investigated. Results : The patients underwent frontal craniotomy and free bone fragment removal, their orbital roofs were reconstructed with titanium micromesh, and associated fractures were repaired. The mean follow up period was 11 months. There were no postoperative neurologic sequelae. Postoperative computed tomography scans showed anatomically reconstructed orbital roofs. Two of the five patients with traumatic optic neuropathy achieved full visual acuity recovery, one patient showed decreased visual acuity, and the other two patients completely lost their vision due to traumatic optic neuropathy. Preoperative ophthalmic symptoms, such as proptosis, diplopia, upper eyelid ptosis, and enophthalmos were corrected. Conclusions : Early recognition and treatment of orbital roof fractures can reduce intracranial and ocular complications. A coronal flap with frontal craniotomy and orbital roof reconstruction using titanium mesh provides a versatile method and provides good functional and cosmetic results.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.121-135
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• 2010

This study was to analyze the architectural characteristics and facade construction of brick masonry auditorium through the Auditorium of Namsan Primary School in 1936. The results of this study were described separately as follows. 1. The auditorium is located away from the school buildings, and its plane is a chamber of rectangle type with an entrance installed on each of the four sides. 2. The external appearance is Renaissance eclectic style, laid red bricks on the lower wall of the window and having a mansard roof. The front and the rear are symmetric with respect to the projected wall at the center. 3. As to the structure of the building, a concrete lower wall was built on the concrete continuous footing, and the brick wall was constructed on the lower wall. The roof is queen post roof truss, and the wall girders were installed on the brick wall. 4. The auditorium has had a number of repairing and maintenance works, which changed the roof and windows outside and the floor, walls, ceiling, etc. inside. 5. The decorative elements of external appearance include lower wall, brick wall, entrances, windows, roof, and dormer windows. The brick wall gives verticality and solidity to the surface of the wall, and the lower wall and wall girders are connected like a cornice of the wall. The surface of the mansard roof and dormer windows express a stable vertically oriented shape.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제19권
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• pp.41-51
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• 1979

Since 1971 when the nation wide 'New Community' movement was launched to improve rural standards of living, dol and thatched-roof houses have been reshaped or removed, thereby making it hard to find time-honored people's living structures in the countryside. Since 1977, the improvement work of rural houses has started throughout the country, so many new rural residences have been constructing along the highway, main roads, railways and around the sightseeing area, New rural houses do not show, for the most part, the traditional architectural style and the nation's unique conventional ways of living. The writer tried to find solutions to the problems derived from improvement work of rural residence, in a comparative method of traditional rural houses and newly constructed rural ones. The greater part of new rural houses' types, painting colors, and fence types had been recommended by provincial administrative trative officials. Officials recommended them to the farmer with their standards, which did not consider farmer's convenience of traditional way of life, but a fine sight from the highways or railways. Korea's three basic roof types are the HAPKAK roof (gabled and hipped), the UCHINKAK roof(hipped), and the BAKKOONG roof(gabled). However, the gabled roof houses, having their entrance on the gabled side, are found more ofter in new rural village. As mentioned above, architectural style is not harmonious with the topography and climate i Korea, because it is not Korean traditional type, but one of the western styles. And new rural house plans are inconvenient in the conservation rural family system, because of the same category with urban houses plans. Other problems derived from ton-traditional architecture style are roof painting in 4-5 colors in a new village, types of wall and fence, and attached building in the site.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권10호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 차량의 루프에 장착되는 다양한 종류들의 루프 박스 모델들에 대한 자동차 주위에서의 유동해석을 하였다. 유체의 흐름 및 압력 해석을 통하여 어떠한 모델이 운행에 있어서 더 적합한지에 대하여 고찰하였다. 4종류의 모델은 각자의 모양을 가진 모델 1, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$ 및 ${\delta}$로 설정하여 설계를 하였고 주행 속도는 20m/s로 설정하였다. 모델 ${\beta}$의 경우는 압력이 다른 모델에 비해 가장 크게 나오고, 모델 ${\delta}$는 유선형의 구조인 카누를 장착하여 루프 박스들 중에는 가장 낮은 압력을 가진다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 얻은 루프박스의 내구성 있는 설계데이터를 활용함으로서 실생활에서의 차체에 융합하여 그 미적 감각을 나타낼 수 있다.

• 국제강구조저널
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1167-1176
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• 2018

Steel cylindrical tanks are widely used for the storage of hazardous substances of which leakage must be prevented under any circumstances. However, the dynamic response of the steel cylindrical liquid storage tank depends sensitively on the fluid-structure interaction and the vibration of the tank structure and necessitates clarification for the safety of the tank structure. This paper presents the results of shaking table tests performed to examine the dynamic behavior of a scaled cylindrical steel tank model considering the presence or not of fixed roof and added mass at the top of the tank for various fluid levels. The test results confirm the occurrence of both beam-type and oval-type vibration modes and show that the larger content of liquid inside the container amplified the acceleration along the height of the cylindrical tank. The oval-type vibration modes are seen to be more dominant in case of large water-to-structure mass ratio.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2012

This research was executed to analyze the problems of Korean type of 'Light-weight' Greening that has been applied similarly by the type of 'Intensive Greening,' and to suggest the better way. To achieve this purpose, we compared and analyzed the theory about the definition of Korean type of Roof Greening and the type of Greening of FLL. And we researched documents and fields of 18 sites of Seoul City that applied the type of 'Light-weigh' Greening, and produced improvement issues and directions. To resolve the confusion of the type definition and site application, arising from considering 'weight of greening' as the main viewpoint to classify the type of Greening, we have to change the term 'Light-weight' with more suitable for contents-based definitions. According to a 'Light-weight' Greening field survey, only 5 among 18 sites are suitable for Extensive Greening and the rest sites show the character of Intensive Greening. Korean concept of 'Light-weight' Greening corresponds with the definition of 'Weight of Greening', but has a problem that does not correspond with the viewpoint of 'Maintenance of Greening'. This problem comes from the fact that the surveyed Light-weight(extensive) Greening sites are designed and executed for use. Therefore, Extensive Greening is proper to be applied for sites, excluded from use. 5 sites, determined suitable for Extensive Greening, adopts 'Sedum-herbaceous Planting' or 'Sedum-grasses Planting' forms of Greening, based on Sedum. So, it has to precede with selecting and breeding plants for developing various forms of Greening, suitable for Extensive Greening including 'Grasses-herbaceous Planting.'

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2012

최근 옥상조경은 휴식 등의 이용을 목적으로 조성되는 경향이 있으며, 공간 활용도 다양해지고 있다. 하지만, 휴식을 주목적으로 조성한 옥상조경은 이용이 저조하면 유지관리가 소홀하게 되어 조성비용의 낭비를 초래할 수가 있으므로 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 이용을 활성화할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단하였다. 옥상조경의 이용 만족도가 높으면 이용이 활성화될 것이라는 전제하에, 옥상조경의 다양한 효용을 인지하는 것이 이용을 만족하는데 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아봄으로써 옥상조경의 이용을 활성화하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하는데 본 연구의 궁극적인 목적이 있다. 이에 먼저 옥상조경의 효용 인지도와 이용 만족도를 평가하기 위한 변수와 평가항목을 도출하였다. 또한, 옥상조경의 시설현황에 따라 이용자의 효용 인지도와 이용 만족도에 차이가 있을 것으로 보고, 서울시에 위치한 3대 브랜드 백화점 11개소의 옥상조경 시설현황을 조사하여 4가지 유형으로 분류하였다. 각 유형을 대표할 수 있는 5개소 백화점을 직접 방문하여 옥상조경의 이용자 및 이용경험자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시함으로써 옥상조경의 유형별 효용 인지도와 이용 만족도를 평가하였다. 또한, 구조방정식을 이용하여 이들의 인과관계를 분석하였으며, 향후 대상지를 폭넓게 선정하여 이용을 활성화하기 위해 좀 더 깊이 있는 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 기대한다.