• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.14 no.7
• /
• pp.91-100
• /
• 2016

Purpose - Recently actively growing franchise systems distribution channel system in which franchise headquarter compared with franchise occupies an important place in distribution channel. Due to this, franchise and franchise headquarter are interdependent on task and in this situation the goal they go after, motivation and objective are probably inconsistent. If so, possibility to participate goal setting process or operating activity of opposite side is becoming bigger and in the end conflict may generate. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the supervisor's attitude and expertise as moderating factors in the relationship between goal-incongruity/coercive power/role-incongruity and the conflict perceived by franchisee. Research design, data and methodology - This study was intended to verify how the supervisor's attitude and expertise as moderating factors in the relationship between goal-incongruity/coercive power/role-incongruity and the conflict perceived by franchisee. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, some study models and hypotheses have been established through theoretical examinations. Then, using these scales, the researcher completed the questionnaire survey. To test our hypotheses, the survey was conducted from March 9, 2016 for 20 days by random sampling, The study was implemented through a descriptive survey method using a self-administered questionnaire. A survey of 124 restaurant franchisee across Seoul and Gyeonggi Province was performed. A total of 124 completed responses were analyzed. In this study, I used SPSS 22.0 to analyze data and did frequency analysis to see demographic, and general features of the respondents; also did exploratory factor analysis to examine the validity of the items of measurement. Factor analysis was first calculated at a minimum, the number of factors, principal component analysis used when variables are committed to maximising the information with (principle component analysis) and the rotation of factors were angry about the great variable factors than 1.0 by applying Varimax rotation. In addition, I used the value of Cronbach's (Alpha) to examine the reliance of questionnaire items, final analysis the reliability factor can be found both high reliability hayeoteumeuro exceeds over 0.6 and did Multiple regression analysis to test hypothesis and also did hierarchical regression analysis to examine moderating effect. Results - To analyze the proposed model, according to the analysis result, it was found that the influence of goal-incongruity, coercive power, and role-incongruity on the perceived conflict of franchisee is moderated by the supervisor's attitude and expertise. That is, the more the supervisor's attitude and expertise were positive, the more the conflicts of the goal-incongruity, coercive power, and role-incongruity were decreased. It also confirmed previous research's finding that goal-incongruity, coercive power, and role-incongruity positively influence on the conflict. Conclusions - According to the results of this research which reduces the conflict of franchise from the in consistent goal; coercive power, and inconsistent role of superiors, it provides very important implications for franchise headquarter which has franchise system and also give them some suggestion about how to recruit superiors and what kind of training may be fit for the superiors.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.160-168
• /
• 2002

Objectives : This study was intended to investigate the differences of job stressors between managers and low level employees among white-collar workers. Another objective of this study was to examine whether the effects of job stressors on mental health differ between the two groups. Methods : Data was obtained from 204 managers and 258 low level employees who were employed in white-collar jobs. Fourteen job stressors and seven job stress variables were measured. Results : Among the 14 job stressors, role overload, job insecurity, and work-family conflict were higher job stressors for the manager group whereas role conflict, work-aptitude incongruity, participation in decision making, and promotion problems were higher job stressors for the low level of employees. There were no differences in job stress scores between the two groups. However, differences in the effects of job stressors on job stress were found between the two groups. For the manager group, job insecurity, work-aptitude incongruity, and work-family conflict significantly affected in explanation of job stress whereas for the low level employees, role underload, peer satisfaction, and environmental problems significantly explaining the job stress variables. Conclusions : There were significant differences in job stressors between managers and low level employees among white-collar workers. Additionally there were differences in the effects of job stressors on job stress between the two groups.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study is to help understanding of fun image in fashion & pattern to play a guideline's role in the development on fashion designs study. The methods of this study are academic literatures as well as practical study through case studies about actual works. Formative characteristics of fun image in fashion & pattern are summarized amusement, unexpecting, childishness, and incongruity as follows. First, Amusement pursuits pleasure, freedom, vitality of living and getting away from reality, while doing the mind gently. Second, Unexpecting leads to stop a moment by unforeseen circumstances which gives embarrassing. This embarrassing induces new ideas that led to a larger perspective on the will from exhilarating fun of the thrill of driving pleasure on fashion. Third, Childishness shows a pureness and relaxedness by approaching for innocent and naive child's Sights away from the desire required adult social roles. Fourth, Incongruity aim for fresh of fashion through humanism and freedom in mechanized and standardized society Recently fun images have received attention is interpreted that joy, pleasure, enjoyment because fun image gives emotional comfort in uncertainty, dissatisfaction, and rapid changes society.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 2021

Purpose: This study examines the opportunism moderating effect by the startup experience in the relationship between franchisor and franchisees. In the case of a franchise system that has a continuous relational exchange transaction, relationship management is a very important activity because the relationship management between franchisor and franchisees improves the quality of the relationship. Nevertheless, there is insufficient of research on opportunism, which is a negative factor in managing the relationship between franchisor and franchisees in continuous relationship. Research design, data and methodology: This study, we explore the cause of opportunism based on transaction cost theory through prior research and establish a research model based by goal incongruity, uncertainty, information asymmetry, transaction specific assets, the relevance to determinant of opportunism and the startup experienced which is a moderating variable. To verify several hypotheses, the data were collected from 300 out of 1,760 domestic franchisees and analyzed using multiple regression analysis with SPSS program. Results: The findings are as follows. Goal incongruity did not affect opportunism. Opportunism increased as uncertainty increased, and as information asymmetry increased, opportunism increased. An opportunism decreased as transaction specific assets increased. Moreover, the findings show that startup experience only plays a moderating role in the relationship between information asymmetry and opportunism. Therefore, 4 out of 8 hypotheses were supported. Conclusions: The findings show that uncertainty, information asymmetry, and transaction specific assets are the determinants of opportunism. In addition, the results of the analysis of the moderating role of startup experience show that the less entrepreneurial experience, the greater the influence of information asymmetry on opportunism. Our findings mean that maintaining a successful relationship between franchisors and franchisees is possible when franchisors provide knowledge sharing, goal sharing, environmental sharing, and management information sharing to franchisees. In addition, the findings of this study shows that the contract content and management should be changed according to the entrepreneurial experience. In other words, the franchisors must share and integrate the accumulated franchisees' and franchisors' experience with the franchisees to create a synergy that can lead to successful bilateral relationship maintenance, which in turn reduces opportunism.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.5-16
• /
• 2013

With regard to the new town developments which have supplied lots of houses in a short period of time in Korea this study aims to evaluation and finding out problems of the developments finally to suggest the direction. A new town's competitiveness model set in the previous paper takes a role of research frame to recognize the problems and to show the direction. The model explains that new town's competitiveness is composed of 4 factors; Self-sufficiency, Innovativenss, Identity and Sustainability. Problems of the developments are as follows; incongruity of spatial structure especially in the capital region, deficiency of self-sufficiency resulted from single-use development, restriction on mixed development by a number of regulations in capital region, low business value, grand scale of land compensation, house oriented planning guidance, unfair share of infrastructure fee, and physical structure depending mainly on fossil energy. Based on this recognition this study conclusively suggests corresponding direction such as role performance as a means of urban growth management, promotion of quality of life by accumulating social capital, introduction of socially sustainable management program for the new towns, discovery and creation of town's value, reexamination of self-sufficiency's meaning or target, selective deregulation of metropolitan development, institutional strategy for cost reduction, changeover from house index to urban function oriented index, and pursuit of low-carbon green town.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.7
• /
• pp.198-231
• /
• 1994

Up to now, after I had examined the relation between the origin of Fung(風) and Gi(氣) and the mean of Fung in medical science, I obtained the conclusion being as follows. The first, Fung(風) means a flux of Gi(氣) and Gi shows the process by virtue of the form of Fung, namely, Fung means motion of Gi. In other words, it is flow of power. Accordingly, the process of all power can give a name Fung. The second, Samul(事物) ceaselessly interchange with the external world to sustain the existence and life of themselves. And they make a adequate confrontation against the pressure of the outside. This the motive power of life action(生命活動) is Gi and shows its the process on the strength of Fung. The third, Samul(事物) incessantly releases power which it has to the outside. Power released to the outside forms the territory of the established power in the environment of them and keep up their substance(實體) in the space time(時空). It can be name Fung because the field(場) of this power incessantly flows. The fourth, man operates life on the ground of the creation of his own vigor(生氣) for himself as the life body(生命體) of the independence and self-support. The occurence of this vigor and the adjustment process(調節作用) is supervised by Gan(肝). That is to say, Gan plays a role to regulate and manage the process of Fung or the action of vigor with Fung-Zang(風臟). The fifth, because the Gi-Gi adjustment process(氣機調節作用) of Gan is the same as the process of Fung, Fung that operates the cause of a disease is attributed to the disharmony of the process of the human body Gi-Gi. Therefore, the generating pathological change is attributed to the extraordinary of the function by the incongruity of Gi-Gi(氣機) or the disorder of the direct motion of Gi-Hyul(氣血). Because the incongruity of this Gi-Gi of the human body gives rise to the abnormal of Zung-Gi(正氣) in the human body properly cannot cope with the invasion of 'Oi-Sa(外邪). Furthermore, Fung serves as the mediation body of the invasion of other Sa-Gi(邪氣) because of its dynamics, By virtue of this reason, Fung is named the head of all disease. And because the incongruity of the Gi-Gi has each other form according to Zang-Bu(臟腑), Kyung-Lak(經絡), and a region, the symptoms of a disease appear differently in line with them as well. The sixth, Fung-byung(風病) is approximately separated Zung-Fung(中風) and Fung-byung(猍義의 風病). Zung-fung and Fung-byung is to be attributed to the major invasion of each Jung-gi and Fung-sa(正氣와 風邪). But these two kinds stir up the problem to the direct motion of Gi-hyul(氣血) and the harmony of Gi-Gi in the human body. When one cures it, therefore, Zung-fung has to rectify Gi-Gi and the circulation of Gi-hyul on the basis of the supplement of Jung-gi(正氣) and Fung-byung must make the harmony of Gi-Gi with the Gu-fung(驅風). -Go-gi(調氣), Sun-Gi(順氣). Hang-Gi(行氣) - All existing living things as well as man maintain life on the ground of the pertinent harmony between the soul(精神) and the body(肉體). As soon as the harmony falls down, simultaneously life disappears as well. And Fung which means the outside process between Gi(氣) and Gi(氣) makes the action of their life cooperative and unified, Accordingy, the understanding of Fung, first, has to start wi th the whole thought that not only all Samul(事物) but also the soul and the body are one.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.55 no.6
• /
• pp.135-144
• /
• 2013

Ventilation efficiency has an important role in agricultural facilities such as greenhouse and livestock house to keep internally optimum environmental condition. Age-of-air concept allows to assess the ventilation efficiency of an agricultural facility according to estimating the ability of fresh air supply and contaminants emission using LMA and LMR. Most of these methods use a tracer gas method which has some limitations in experiment like dealing unstable and invisible gas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a straightforward method to calculate age-of-air values with CFD simulation which has the advantage of saving computational time and resources and these method can solve the limitations in experiment using tracer gas method. The main idea of LMA computation is to solve the passive scalar transport equation with the assumption that the production of the time scalar throughout the room is uniform. In case of LMR calculation, the transport of the time scalar was reversed compulsively using UDF. The methodology to validate the results of this study was established by comparing with preceding research that had performed a computing LMA and LMR value by laboratory experiments and CFD simulations using tracer gas. As a result, the error was presented similarly level of results of preceding research. Some big errors could be caused by stagnated area and incongruity turbulence model. while the computational time was reduced to almost one fourth of that by preceding research.

• The Mathematical Education
• /
• v.58 no.4
• /
• pp.567-588
• /
• 2019

This study is a follow-up to Lee(2019). Lee(2019) investigated the method of collecting information on the curriculum of elementary and middle school math teachers, when differences were observed between elementary and middle school math teachers in the method of collecting information on the curriculum. Following Lee(2019)'s study, this study looked at the perceptions and experiences of high school math teachers in their curriculum.At the time when the curriculum was changed from time to time, the authority for restructuring curriculum was strengthened. In addition, the role of teachers as 'curriculum restructuring practitioners' became important. However, previous studies have pointed out the structural problem that teachers empathize with the necessity of restructuring the curriculum and have a negative perception of the willingness to practice the curriculum. Therefore, the researcher examined high school teachers who are sensitive to the characteristics and evaluation of the highly hierarchical mathematics subjects. A total of six interviews were conducted with ten high school mathematics teachers in three groups of ten years of teaching experience. Through this, it was possible to observe how teachers as curriculum reconstruction practitioners had thought about curriculum restructuring, and I could observe what difficulties teachers' experienced. This suggests that teachers have two ideas for restructuring the curriculum: 'realistic curriculum reconstruction' and 'ideal curriculum reconstruction'. In addition, the teachers found that there are 'sides of incongruity in the school system' and 'difficulties in the management of teachers'.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.11-22
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted to identify the causes of the unusually high number of rock slope failures during an expressway construction in Yangsan fault system. The shear strength (cohesion and internal friction angle) of 128 slopes of discontinuities including bedding, joint, and fault planes were re-evaluated through the examination of face mapping and back analysis. The re-evaluated values were analyzed and then compared with the existing data and values used in the design. As a result, the re-evaluated cohesion and friction angles were very low compared to the existing data and the values applied in the design. This incongruity was pointed as the primary reason for the rock slopes failures during the construction. This may be related to the inherent features of clastic sedimentary rocks in the study area, and the discontinuities in the sedimentary rocks in this region played a significant role. Especially, bedding discontinuity showed a big difference compared to the existing data. The shear strength depended on the type of discontinuity in case of clay filled in discontinuity. However, shear strength was independent on the type of discontinuity in case of shattered materials filled in discontinuity.