• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.85-99
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• 2003

Since the experience of major landscape change during last half of the century due to war and rapid urbanization, the traditional character has been weakened, and it is necessary for a reconsideration to improve the landscape for the future. To review these relationships, the importance of a comprehensive understanding of nature has been suggested. Therefore identification of a new concept based on the 'socio-cultural influence of landscape' and 'sense of place' which are related to peoples' previous experience, is required. Furthermore more practical definitions and criteria to reveal the relationship are necessary. Among the terms suggested to describe sense of place such as 'home', 'place identity', 'place-based meaning' and 'settlement identity' etc., the 'home' is selected to represent our surrounding landscape. For more practical classification of home landscape, additional terms are suggested and defined based on both the relationships between human beings and nature, and between memory derived from previous experience and shared values with in the community. The additional terms which are the most important in the role of landscape character related to humans' are; ⅰ) Personal Landscape: Landscape of an individual human, which derives from previous personal experience; involves distinguishable character for a given person, and it is emotional and flexible depending on circumstances. ⅱ) Ordinary Landscape： Landscape of the 'common interest' between members of a community, which is acceptable as a surrounding for everyday daily life, it produces the richness and variety of landscape. ⅲ) Kernel Landscape： Landscape of the 'common ground' which is acceptable to the majority members of the community, and it provides variety and stability for periods of time, and it could strongly represent community attitudes toward nature. ⅳ) Prototype Landscape: Landscape as the 'common denominator' of overall community from past to present and towards the future, which encompasses all the kernel landscape throughout history. It provides a sense of place, balances the homogeneity of character throughout overall communities. Some part of this can be shared throughout history to shape an overall sense of place. It can also represent short terms fashions. For a prototype landscape to reveal sense of place, there are a couple of points which we should underline the commencing point. Firstly, understanding the relationship between humans and nature should be based on a given character of surroundings. Secondly, reoccurring landscape elements which have sustained in history can lead to sense of place, and should be reviewed the influences between nature and humans.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.106-112
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• 2013

PDE plays an important role in cAMP-mediated cellular signaling within the cells. The proper targeting of each PDE is mediated by unique N-terminal of each PDE isoform. It has been recently reported that supershort-, short- and long-forms of PDE4 in Aplysia were cloned in Aplysia. Long-form of ApPDE4 was localized at plasma membrane and presynaptic terminal in Aplysia sensory neurons. However, it remains elusive which part of ApPDE4 is minimal region for the proper targeting and what are the effects on the cell functions. Here, we identified that N-terminal 13 amino acids of ApPDE4 long-form is minimal regions for the plasma membrane targeting. In addition, overexpression of ApPDE4(N20)-mRFP could induce morphological changes in HEK293T cells. Interestingly, mRFP-$PLC{\delta}1$(PH), which selectively binds to PI4,$5P_2$, could induce morphological changes in similar with that by ApPDE4(N20)-mRFP. These results suggested that binding of ApPDE4(N20) to lipids including PI4,$5P_2$ might be responsible for targeting of ApPDE4 to plasma membrane and morphological changes in HEK293T cells.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.21-31
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• 2003

This paper reports our experimental study with Korean-Chinese (=KC) bilinguals as compared with Korean monolinguals. We aim to find KC bilingual speakers' sentence processing strategies, and the interaction between the Ll and U2 grammars in bilingual development. To this end, we recruited 166 subjects of all age groups from age 3 to adult in the Korean autonomous community in Yanji, China, and did a classical subject/actor identification test, where subjects are supposed to pick out the subjects/actor of both sensical and nonsensical sentences (cf. Liu, Bates & Li, 1992). We compared our results with our previous work on monolingual Koreans, and found out that KC bilinguals rely on word order as well as anumacy; that KC bilinguals make use of morphology at age 10 as compared with age 5 for monolinguals; and that KC bilingual adults rely on animacy and word order as well as morphology, while monolingual Korean adults rely solely on morphology for sentence interpretation. Given that animacy and word order play an important role in the Chinese grammar, our finding lends support to the backward transfer which Liu, Bates & Li (1992) propose for early bilingualism.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.465-477
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• 2015

Today's companies build strong brand assets which, through the expansion of other business areas, promote efficient corporate management. Many companies manage brand assets among through a multitude of brand groups using brand portfolios rather than the single brand strategy. Such brand group influence can be related not only to brand group expansion, but also to parent company brands and product brand groups. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of parent corporate brand associations on brand portfolio evaluation. The results of the present study is as follows: positive parent corporate brand image was revealed to play a positive role in brand portfolio evaluation. Parent corporate brand image provided endorsement for their product brands, and this can reduce consumer's decision cost on brand portfolio evaluations. This study focused on two types of brand relationship strategy : brand expansion strategy and individual brand strategy. With individual brand strategy, cases where parent company brands provided endorsement and cases to the contrary were studied separately. In cases where well-managed parent corporate brand image were able to provide endorsement in the case of individual brand strategy like that of brand expansion strategy.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.42
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• pp.241-262
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• 2016

British TV Channel 4 is one of the famous TV Channel in the world. Its station ID has also played a leading role in the developments of Motion Graphics including station IDs. This station ID's main visual design concept is its name and an iconic logo '4' at the same time. The first channel 4 station ID was designed by using modular typography to construct the iconic '4'. Modular typography is a technique of creating letters with similar elements. Channel 4's station ID was constructed from coloured polygons. The polygons split and converge at the same point in 3D space. Modularity in Channel 4's station ID is evidenced by the similar units of polygons. After the first station ID, Channel 4 was re-branded. Eventhough the station IDs which followed did not use coloured and geometrical polygons, modularity is seen in most of the station IDs especially between 2004 - 2011. In these station IDs, the iconic '4' is formed from similar natural and environmental objects like rocks, buildings, lights etc. In this analysis paper, there is a visual narrative on the history of Channel 4, the concept of modular typography in the original station ID and the application of modular typography in other Channel 4's station IDs.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.16
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• pp.179-198
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• 2009

This study analyzed the chronology of children's cartoon through character while the children's cartoon section is planned at the Memorial Exhibition of 100th year of Korean Cartoon which will be held at the Contemporary Art Gallery in celebration of the 100th year after birth of Korean Cartoon. The approaching method based on character is regarded as the most proper and feasible in the identification of character and meaning of children's cartoon because the character in cartoon contains the bigger role and meaning than the descriptive structure of narration. The Committee of 100th Year of Korean Cartoon, Aicheorum which is a study association for children's cartoon and Cartoon My Love $Cafe^{42)}$ in Naver jointly selected the 70 cartoon characters. A brief history is established based on these characters through chronological classification in seven sectors of around 10 year session such as before 1950s of quickening period and liberation, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1000s, 1900s and after 2000. It examined the historical meaning, its reflection and characteristics focused on the cartoon character and the cartoonist which were well-known to everybody not only the display according to chronological order. The study intented the stereoscopic illumination on the children's cartoon and character which were favored beyond the generations. In addition, the similarity and human relation among cartoonist to cartoonist and character to character were analyzed and traced to identity the fact that children cartoon character is not individualistic being but it lies on the extension of tradition and trend of eternal cartoon history Finally, hopefully it will make a contribution to activate the pure creative children's cartoon in Korea through reminding the importance of character in cartoon, affirming the industrial value and reflecting the direction and perspective of pure creative children's cartoon.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.310-315
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• 2007

To investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria in Andong-Soju fermentation and traditional nuruk maturation, several lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the Andong-Soju fermentation broth and traditionally matured nuruks using Lactobacilli MRS agar containing bromocresol purple. Among the isolated bacteria, ADS-L1 showed the highest lactic acid production and was dominant species in fermentation broth. Based on physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequencing results, the ADS-L1 was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici. The ADS-L1 grew well at $50^{\circ}C$, and under the acidic conditions at pH 4, whereas the ADS-L1 failed to grew by treatments of 12% (w/v) ethanol or 0.01N HCl. Considering the high temperature of nuruk above $50^{\circ}C$ during nuruk maturation and the high ethanol concentration of broth above 12% at the end-stage of Andong-Soju fermentation, these results suggested that the ADS-L1 is popular in matured nuruks and plays role in the early-stage of fermentation. Analysis of pH, brix, reducing sugar content, lactic acid production, and cell growth during the cultivation of ADS-L1 further suggested that the ADS-L1 may contribute the prevention of contamination by rapid and steady acidification of broth, and do not cause problems by rapid death at the end-stage of fermentation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.185-199
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• 2017

Methane, which is emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources, is a representative greenhouse gas for global warming. Methanotrophs are widespread in the environment and play an important role in the biological oxidation of methane via methane monooxygenases (MMOs), key enzymes for methane oxidation with broad substrate specificity. Methanotrophs have attracted attention as multifunctional bacteria with promising applications in biological methane mitigation technology and environmental bioremediation. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge regarding the biodiversity of methanotrophs, catalytic properties of MMOs, and high-cell density cultivation technology. In addition, we have reviewed the recent advances in biological methane mitigation technologies using methanotrophs in field-scale systems as well as in lab-scale bioreactors. We have also surveyed information on the dynamics of the methanotrophic community in biological systems and discussed the various challenges pertaining to methanotroph-related biotechnological innovation, such as identification of suitable methanotrophic strains with better and/or novel metabolic activity, development of high-cell density mass cultivation technology, and the microbial consortium (methanotrophs and non-methanotrophs consortium) design and control technology.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.339-344
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• 2004

Recent data have shown the importance of oxidative stresses in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. $H_2O_2$, reactive oxygen species (ROS) donor, has been reported to act as a signaling molecule involved in a variety of cellular functions such as apo/ptosis and proliferation. In the present study, we investigated viability of cultured ileal smooth muscle cells (ISMC) after stimulation with $H_2O_2$. Trypan blue method revealed that the cell viability of ISMC treated with 1 mM $H_2O_2$ was not different from that of controls at up to 2 h time point, while treatment of ISMC with 1 mM $H_2O_2$ for 48 h finally induced significant decrease in the cell viability. Therefore, we evaluated whether $H_2O_2$ was capable of ERKs activation in ISMC for the short-term exposure and examined whether tyrosine kinase was involved in the process of ERK activation by $H_2O_2$ in ISMC. We also investigated the effects of $H_2O_2$ on activation of SAPK/JNK and p38 MAP kinase in ISMC. Thus, ISMC were cultured and exposed to $H_2O_2$, and western blot analysis was performed with phosphospecific MAP kinase antibodies. Robust activation of ERK occurred within 30 min of 1 mM $H_2O_2$ treatment. $H_2O_2-induced$ ERK activation was attenuated by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, indicating that tyrosine kinase was probably involved in the ERK activation by $H_2O_2$. $H_2O_2$ was a moderate activator of SAPK/JNK, while p38 MAP kinase was not activated by $H_2O_2$. We suggest that ERK activation induced by short-term $H_2O_2$ treatment plays a critical role in cellular protection in the early stage of response to oxidative stress. The present study suggests the necessity of identification of MAPK signaling pathways affected by ROS, since it could ultimately elucidate cellular consequences involved in initiation and perpetuation of intestinal tissue damage in the diseases such as crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, resulted from excessive ROS.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.320-334
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze research trends in international development and cooperation on education and to suggest directions for the Korean teachers and teacher education to achieve 'Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).' The examination of 8 databases resulted in the identification of 2,945 studies, and 6 of these references met the inclusion criteria for systemic review. Major findings revealed that pre- and in-service teachers recognized the necessity of international development education but had a low degree of teacher efficacy. The teachers who participated in ODA education programs have experienced difficulties due to insufficient understanding of local sites and role performance. Then, a couple of studies of mathematics and early childhood education compared the Korean national curriculum and education system with developing countries'. Lastly, it is important to have a sustainable system which promotes all teachers, including retired ones, in global development and cooperation on education. For the successful achievement of SDGs, Korean teachers should develop their expertise, a deep understanding of partner countries, and stable quality education for the underprivileged.