• Journal of Electrical Engineering and information Science
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.191-196
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• 1997

Fuzzy clustering has been playing an important role in solving many problems. Fuzzy c-Means(FCM) algorithm is most frequently used for fuzzy clustering. But some fixed point of FCM algorithm, know as Tucker's counter example, is not a reasonable solution. Moreover, FCM algorithm is impossible to perform the on-line learning since it is basically a batch learning scheme. This paper presents unsupervised learning networks as an attempt to improve shortcomings of the conventional clustering algorithm. This model integrates optimization function of FCM algorithm into unsupervised learning networks. The learning rule of the proposed scheme is a result of formal derivation based on the gradient descent procedure of a fuzzy objective function. Using the result of formal derivation, two algorithms of fuzzy cluster analysis, the batch learning version and on-line learning version, are devised. They are tested on several data sets and compared with FCM. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms find out the reasonable solution on Tucker's counter example.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.25-41
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• 2010

Challenges brought by applications of advanced technologies in education call for new approaches that can best ensure the provision of quality e-learning experiences. This paper presents an ecological approach as one of such approaches to quality assurance in e-learning that can monitor, assess and improve the effectiveness and the links between the various elements of e-learning. The ecological model for QA in e-learning emphasizes interrelation transactions between elements (e.g. providers, learners, cultures and policies) and systemic integration of those elements, and stresses that all these elements within a QA system play an equal role in maintaining balance of the whole. The model focuses attention both on individual and societal/cultural environmental factors as cornerstones for QA efforts in e-learning. It addresses the importance of QA efforts directed at changing QA transactions from provider-centered to 'all stakeholder-oriented', from one-size-fits-all model to 'globally oriented, locally adaptive model' and from control framework to 'culture creation framework'.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.1065-1071
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• 2020

The study aims to analyze the supply chain role of supervision, discipline, work climate, and organizational learning on the performance of community services at the public works. This study took a sample of employees through purposive sampling technique at the Public Works Office and Bina Marga in a regency in East Java. Data through questionnaire was collected through a 5-point Likert scale model. The results show that the application of employee discipline affects the performance of public services, with a contribution of 39.7%, meaning that discipline and organizational learning are implementation factors that have an effect on public service performance. In stepwise regression analysis, the supervisory factor has a correlation with service performance, but it is less relevant, while the work climate is not relevant as a predictor variable to improve public service performance. The study revealed the importance of the supply chain policy of implementing good and clean governance and the enactment of the performance appraisal of the government apparatus established through Good Corporate Governance of the state apparatus. The findings provide a basis to encourage the public sector performance to smooth every step of supply chain management of every government project work, especially in the field of public services.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-36
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the ways in which CALL apply to enhance the motivational aspects of second language learning. Theories relevant to social, cognitive, and affective foundations of motivation are first reviewed to demonstrate the important role of motivational influences in improving learners' affect and achievements. Then, implications arising from such theories in strengthening the motivational aspects of CALL are explicated in the second part. With the spread of computer technology in language classrooms, the innovative role of CALL in the development and maintenance of intrinsic motivation can be illustrated. Specifically, CALL may provide cognitively supportive instruction geared towards improving students' performance. Also, it has been reported from the affective perspective that CALL can captivate learners' attention, promote their feelings and expectations of success, improve perceptions of control, and increase positive attributions to effort and ability. Finally, from a social learning perspective, CALL may enhance learners' self-efficacy and foster their achievement and positive affect through social interactions, proximal goal-setting, and attributional feedback. In the framework of CALL, students seem to be benefited by the immediacy and authenticity of contact with target languages and cultures made at their choices and decisions.

• School Mathematics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.189-208
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to capture and explain the roles that signs and attention play in the fraction learning process, through a previous study that employs Deleuze's perspective on sign and the role of attention. From this case study of elementary school students, we found that signs are a prerequisite for learning and that learning takes place as different forms of attention shifts. The various types of semiotic resources used by teachers and students have been found to play an important role in coordinating collective attention between teachers and students.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.73-83
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• 2005

Recently, Internet utilization ratio of elementary school students is urgently increasing. On the other hand, elementary school students are not doing personal information management properly in the Internet. As a result, it is causing problem of information leakage. In this paper, we proposed a instructional learning method to teach importance of personal information management to an elementary school student. Proposed method is based on role-play instructional learning method. And applied to the third-year class in elementary school. We show that proposed method is effect in education than traditional teaching method about personal information management's importance.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2012

This qualitative research provides a situation model, which is designed for promoting learning of eigenvalue and eigenvector. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of the model through a small groups discussion. Particularly, participants of the discussion were asked to decide the numbers of milk cows in order to make constant amounts of cheese production. Through such discussions, subjects understood the notion of eigenvalue and eigenvector. This study has following implications. First of all, the present research finds significance of situation model. A situation model is useful to promote learning of mathematical notions. Subjects learn the notion of eigenvalue and eigenvector through the situation model without difficulty. In addition, this research demonstrates potentials of small groups discussion. Learners participate in discussion more actively under small group debates. Such active interaction is necessary for situation model. Moreover, this study emphasizes the role of teachers by showing that patience and encouragement of teachers promote students' feeling of achievement. The role of teachers are also important in conveying a meaning of eigenvalue and eigenvector. Therefore, this study concludes that experience of learning the notion of eigenvalue and eigenvector thorough situation model is important for teachers in future.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 2008

In this study, we divided the teaching and learning of proof into three steps in the demonstrative geometry of the middle school mathematics. And then we surveyed the student's difficulties in the teaching and learning of proof by using of questionnaire. Results of this survey suggest that students cannot only understand the meaning of proof in the teaching and learning of proof but also they cannot deduce simple mathematical reasoning as judgement for the truth of propositions. Moreover, they cannot follow the hypothesis to a conclusion of the proposition It results from the fact that students cannot understand clearly the meaning and the role of hypotheses and conclusions of propositions. So we need to focus more on teaching students about the meaning and role of hypotheses and conclusions of propositions.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.19-34
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• 2005

Hypertext raises question to general assumptions about our conventional conceptions of education. In this essay, three kinds of learning-models are presented by the application of "writing" hypertext literature to the English education of the elementary school. These models, which I call the "scene-centered" system, give knowledge to learners in non-linear, non-sequential structure. The term "scene" is a single concept or idea composed of a single sub-text, which is to be made by the group of students. This system is focused on the collaborative composition of students. Students, by generating sub-texts and connecting texts, perform the educational activities to expand the source text. The "scene-centered" system is, to put it into a Barte's term, a "writerly text." But in order to "write," "reading" should be accompanied. So, this system is a learning model in which writing and reading are carried on simultaneously. In all the process, students play a role of multi-user, with three access rights: read, write, and annotate. So, students making use of hypertext systems will act as reader-authors. And teachers will take the new role in collaborative writing environment. No longer the central authoritarian evaluator, they will become consultants, co-writers, coaches of their students.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.191-198
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• 2016

This paper aims to present how to design and implement a multimedia tutorial system for the self-learning French language using Director with additional tools. To implement a multimedia tutorial system we need to design several steps. First, we should choose the level of the users and design tutorial. Second, we should prepare all materials such as sounds, graphics, text and video. Finally, we should implement the selected elements and control the educational software. Due to the nature of the paper, it must emphasize French basic conversation to make environment that be used in each scene and the scene of the context dialog. In view of the fact that the fitness of each content utilization field of multimedia authoring tool is high, it is possible as part of the system sizing process of the manufacturing process, to impart its meaning. This learning-contents are composed of 10 units each situation, and we anticipate there are the several effects of this system on basic French students. This system helps lecturer get French students interested in lessons, and enables learner to learn French of the role of iterative practice by linking image and sound. Also this system helps learners to prepare and review French studying after a lesson and allows leaners to maximize their efficiency. The future of this work is to implement this system on the app.