• 무역상무연구
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• 제48권
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• pp.3-23
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• 2010

In letter of credit arrangements, the issuing bank nominate a reimbursing bank which serves as a source of funds payment to the beneficiary. The reimbursing bank could be 3rd party bank or the issuing bank itself. In view of working capital requirements, most beneficiary want to get export proceeds in advance through nominated banks and therefore letter of credit usually permit the beneficiary to negotiate drafts, accompanied by required documents, to nominated bank. If the credit is available with the nominated bank, there must be a reimbursement instruction in the credit, because in this method of availability the issuing bank is obliged to reimburse the nominated bank if that bank acts on its nomination There are legal relationship among issuing bank, nominated bank and reimbursing bank with regard to reimbursement activities. Related rules are UCP and URR and UCC (in case of USA). Korean exporters and bankers do not appear to know well the role of reimbursement and usage. 3 cases (court case + ICC Opinion + bad practices) were employed to study the reimbursement mechanism and suggest better usages. The beneficiary is strongly recommended to know the benefit of reimbursement claim from independent reimbursing bank. The benefits include speed payment (thereby saving finance costs) and safe funds (in case of stop payment by the issuing bank right after the proceeds are reimbursed). And further the beneficiary banks (being nominated or claim banks) are also recommended to take advantage of the 3rd party reimbursement in view of the cases illustrated.

• 한국기술혁신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국기술혁신학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.154-173
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• 2000

Since computerized numerical controller (CNC) emerged as a result of the fusion of the electronics technology and the mechanical technology, there has been continuous evolution of CNC technology in the mechatronics industry. The industry is recently developing a new control system based on the fusion of personal computer (PC) and CNC. Upgraded PC has now integrated into CNC, making various machines possible to exchange data, software and hardware, and to greatly improve man-machine interface. The fusion of PC and CNC can form a new paradigm in technological innovation of not only control system but also whole machinery industry in near the future. Korea lagged behind the developed countries in the development of open control system with the fusion of PC. Turbo-tek, Hyundai Motor and Daewoo are leading companies, but their commercial possibility seems to be low because domestic market is too small to reap a commercial benefit. Nevertheless, the development of the system is an essential step for Korea to embark on a future technological paradigm of the machinery industry. The government needs to play some role for the development, for instance, government R&D projects, institutional building and training of related technicians.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권22호
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• pp.9603-9606
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• 2014

Background: Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women in developed countries. Patients with endometrial cancer may benefit from systemic chemotherapy alone or in combination with targeted therapies if the disease is clinically diagnosed prior to spread and metastasis to other organs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of p53 polymorphism and its correlation with tumor grade in human uterine endometrial carcinomas. Materials and Methods: A total of 75 patients with endometrial carcinomas were studied for possible mutations in exon 4 of the p53 gene using polymerase chain reaction and restricting fragment length polymorphism techniques and sequencing. Results: In recent study, The rate of homozygote genotype of pro/pro or Arg/Arg in high grade group was higher than in comparison with low grade one. In addition samples that were undigested in RFLP, showed mutation in exone 4. Conclusions: Our findings showed that high grade endometrial carcinomas are highly associated with TP53 polymorphisms in comparison with low grades.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1107-1117
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• 1990

The regulatory role of the post \ulcorner1-and \ulcorner2-adrenoceptors on cardiac function, particularly in coronary flow rate, was investigated in the isolated rat heart treated with 10-6 M propranolol. When introduced into the left atrium of the heart, phenylephrine[10-7-10-2 M] decreased coronary flow rate and increased mean coronary resistance in a dose related fashion, but did not affect heart rate. Methoxamine also elicited the increment of coronary resistance and the decrement of coronary flow rate, though the effects of methoxamine were weaker than those by phenylephrine. The effect of phenylephrine was inhibited by 1\ulcornerM prazosin and shifting the dose-response curve to the right. The effects of clonidine, a selective \ulcorner2-adrenoceptor agonist, were studied in the heart taken from reserpinized rats. Clonidine increased coronary resistance, decreased heart rate and coronary flow rate with a dose-dependent manner. These effects were abolished by 10-6 M yohimbine, a selective \ulcorner2-antagonist, and were not affected by 10-6M prazosin. Clonidine also decreased coronary flow and increased mean coronary resistance in electric paced heart. These effects were inhibited by rawoulscine, a selective ca-antagonist. These results indicate that the stimulation of both post \ulcorner1-and \ulcorner2-adrenoceptor causes coronary vasoconstiction. And it is inferred that this model of sympathomimetics-induced coronary vasospasm may provide a useful tool for investigating spasmolytic agents which are of benefit in the treatment of variant angina.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.393-400
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• 2014

본 연구는 외재적 내재적 보상시스템이 기업구성원의 조직몰입에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 보상선택의 다양성 제공이 조직몰입에 어떠한 변화를 가져오는지 실증적으로 검증하였다. 본 연구는 보상시스템, 보상선택의 다양성 및 조직몰입의 관계를 실증적으로 분석함으로써 조직몰입 제고를 위한 방안 도출을 목적으로 하였다. 본 연구에서는 중국 12개 기업에 근무하는 중국인 직원 295명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 실증연구 결과 외재적 내재적 보상 모두 조직몰입 향상에 긍정적인 영향이 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 보상선택의 다양성은 외재적 보상과 조직몰입 간에 조절역할을 하였으나 내재적 보상에 대한 조절역할은 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 조직몰입 수준의 향상을 위해서는 다양한 유형으로 구성된 보상시스템의 도입이 중요함을 강조하였다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.279-292
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• 2008

The concept of "new consumer sovereignty" is playing a significant role in having the initiative of production and consumption of technology and culture trend. Today the 'new consumers' positively use digital and information technology in purchasing. To understand these consumers' new purchase tendency, the study examined the actual conditions 1) of consumers' use of digital and information technology, 2) of digital devide between consumers, and 3) the consumer's attitude to changes of their lifestyle which digital convergence could result in. The subjects were thousand male and female adults. The data were collected from a survey conducted by Embrain, a research firm in Seoul, in the period of June 1st, 2007 ${\sim}$ June 10th, 2007. The results show: 1. Most subjects have computers, their Internet use is their general life, and they have lots of exposure opportunities to digital information. They positively and actively use information technology. 2. Between male and female subjects, and between old and young generation there is a significant digital gap. But the gap between regional areas is statistically not significant. 3. The subject's attitude to digital convergence society shows both positive expectation and negative concerns. Concludingly, to embody a desirable digital convergence society, it is necessary to be searched the ways which can decrease the digital gap and policy to share benefit that information technology can give to consumers.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

Clocking effects of a stator on the performance and internal flow in an UTRC 1.5 stage axial turbine are investigated using a three-dimensional unsteady flow simulation. Six relative positions of two rows of stator are investigated by positioning the second stator being clocked in a step of 1/6 pitch. The relative efficiency benefit of about 1% is obtained depending on the clocking positions. However, internal flows have some different characteristics from that in the previous study at the best and worst efficiency positions, since the first stator wake is mixed out with the rotor wake before arriving at the leading edge of the second stator. Instead of the first stator wake, it is found that the wake interaction of the first stator and rotor has a important role on a relative efficiency variation at each clocking position. The time-averaged local efficiency along the span at the maximum efficiency is more uniform than that at the minimum efficiency. That is, the spanwise efficiency distribution at the minimum efficiency has larger values in mid-span but smaller values near the hub and casing in comparison to those at the maximum efficiency. Moreover, the difference between maximum and minimum instantaneous efficiencies during one period is found to be smaller at the maximum efficiency than at the minimum efficiency.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.508-517
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of Hangryunhaedocktang (HHT) on epidermal damages induced by allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The sensitization were caused by one application of $25{\mu}l$ of 5% 2,4-dinitroch1orobenzene (DNCB) onto a back-lumbar skin of BALB/c mice. 2 weeks later, ACD was elicitated with $4{\mu}l$ of 2.5% DNCB and then mice were given HHT extract in doses of 3.3ml/kg/day, for 72 hours. The ACD induced epidermal damages in HHT treated ACD mice was more mitigated than non-treated ACD elicited mice. The features related with epidermal damage such as epidermal hyperplasia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, increase of nuclear shrinkages and vacuolation, and enlargement of intercellular space softened. And the distribution of soybean agglutinin (SBA) positive reaction in stratum spinosum (SS) and stratum basale (SB) were similarly maintained in a normal configuration. The numerical decrease of BrdU, TUNEL, and Fas positive cells observed were prominent in SB. Results suggest a benefit role for HHT in mitigating epidermal damages in mice with allergic contact dermatitis.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2002

The role of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent is expanding rapidly in otolaryngology. Botulinum toxin is a protease that blocks the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals. Its effects are transient and nondestructive, and largely limited to the area in which it is administered These effects are also graded according to the dose, allowing for individualized treatment of patients and disorders. Botulinum toxin has been used primarily to treat disorders of excessive or inappropriate muscle contraction. In the field of otolaryngology, these include spasmodic dysphonia, oromandibular dystonia, and blepharospasm, vocal tics and stuttering, cricopharyngeal achalasia, various tremors and tics, hemifacial spasm, temporomandibular joint disorders and a number of cosmetic applications. Botulinum toxin treatment has recently begun to show some benefit in the control of pain from migraine and tension headache. It may also prove useful in the control of autonomic dysfunction, as in Frey syndrome, sialorrhea, and rhinorrhea. In over 20 yews of use in humans, botulinum toxin has accumulated a considerable safety record, and in many cases represents relief for thousands of patients unaided by other therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7449-7452
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• 2015

Objective: Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women in developed countries. Affected patients may benefit from systemic chemotherapy, alone or in combination with targeted therapies if the disease is clinically diagnosed prior to expansion and metastasis to other organs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of c-kit mutations and comparision with tumor type and grade in human uterine endometrial carcinomas. Materials and Methods: Seventy five patients with endometrial carcinoma and seventy five normal controls were studied for possible mutations in exon 17 of the c-kit gene using single strand conformational polymorphisms and sequencing. Results: c-kit mutation in exon 17 appeared to be significantly different between endometrial carcinoma and normal endometrium. The pattern and frequency of the mutations was also shown to be different between tumors from different stages.