• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.775-786
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• 2018

To test the hypothesis that humic acid (HA), anaerobically digested pig slurry filtrate (APS), and their combination would differently affect the chemical speciation and extractability of metals (cadmium, copper, and zinc) and their uptake by plants, we conducted a pot experiment using wormwood in two texturally contrasting soils (sandy loam and clay loam) collected from a field near an abandoned Cu mine. Four treatments were laid out: HA at $ 23.5g\;kg^{-1}$ (HA), APS at $330mL\;kg^{-1}$ (APS), HA at $ 23.5g\;kg^{-1}$ and APS at $330mL\;kg^{-1}$ (HA + APS), and a control. Each treatment affected the chemical speciation and mobility of the metals, and thereby resulting in variable patterns of plant biomass yield and metal uptake. The APS supported plant growth by increasing nutrient availability. HA supported or hindered plant growth by impacting the soil's water and nutrient retention capacity and aeration, in a soil texture-dependent manner, while consistently enhancing the immobilization of heavy metals. Temporal increases in whole-plant dry matter yield and metal accumulation suggested that the plants were capable of metal hyperaccumulation. The results were discussed in terms of the mobility of metals and plant growth and corroborated by the $^{15}N$ recovery of soil- and plant-N pools under H and HS treatments. Therefore, for effective phytoremediation of polluted soils, an appropriate combination of plant growth promoters (APS) and chelating agents (HA) should be predetermined at the site where chemical stabilization of pollutants is desired.

• Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.209-219
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• 2018

In the areas of RoHS, WEEE, ELV and REACH, reinforcement of environmental regulations against harmful substances is a global trend not only in EC but also in all over the world. In the fields of Korea's major export products such as material parts, electrical and electronic products and automobile parts, we are responding to these regulations consistently. To develop reference material for analyzing lead and cadmium in paints, the candidate materials were produced through the screening process which separated shapes and sizes. To secure the traceability of the candidate materials produced, the characteristics and uncertainties are estimated by ICP-AES analysis using the primary reference material. The short-term and long-term stabilities also are evaluated in parallel. In order to calculate the final certification value of the candidate material, the verification were carried out by the performance evaluation through the comparison among the KOLAS (Korea Laboratory Accreditation Scheme) laboratories, and the CRM was produced in accordance with ISO Guide 35. The certified values and uncertainties of Pb and Cd of the final paint standard, determined according to the joint analysis among laboratories, are Pb [($191.4{\pm}3.1$) mg/kg, ($944.1{\pm}5.6$) mg/kg] and Cd [($45.0{\pm}2.6$) mg/kg, ($225.5{\pm}3.5$) mg/kg]. These standard materials were developed to enhance the reliability of measurement analysis, including the validity and traceability of measurement results. Also it is expected that the CRM will be used as QCM (quality control material) for the product design and the process monitoring, so that regulation and management of hazardous heavy metals can be systematically implemented.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.178-189
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• 2012

As phthalates classified as toxic to reproduction category 2 and endocrine disrupting chemicals were more strictly regulated as Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) for authorization in under EU REACH and considered as priority substances in RoHS II, standardization of phthalate testing method is now being proposed in IEC 62321 of IEC TC 111 and the 2nd revision of KS M 1991 is also finished. In order to assist standardization activities related to phthalating testing, solvent extraction part of existing national standards were compared and verified. Recovery of DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate) from PVC (polyvinyl chloride) by Soxhlet extraction increased in the order of methanol, toluene, dichloromethane and hexane from 46.9% to 95.3% as measured by GC-MS. Optimum extraction time was verified to be 6 hours using hexane. Recovery of DBP (dibutyl phthalate), BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate), and DEHP from different matrixes such as PVC, nitro cellulose, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). and EPDM(ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber were evaluated to be more than 90% up to 99%. The detection limits of phthalates in solvent extraction followed by GC-MS analysis were 0.08~0.3 ${\mu}g/mL$ in solution and 8~30 mg/Kg in polymeric samples. GC-MS analyses of phthalates were carried out using different solvent extraction based on the EN 14372, ASTM D 7083, Japanese test method (MHLW 0906-4) and KS M 1991, proving that equivalent recoveries ranging from 98%~99% were obtained. DBP and DEHP were detected in three consumer products such as a child toy, a power cable and manicure with the amount of 22~1,910 mg/kg.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 2012

The skin is continuously exposed to environmental stresses. One of the most important stress factor is UV radiation. UV radiation causes a variety of biological effects on the skin, including inflammation, pigmentation, photoaging and cancer. Therefore in this study, we tried to search for skin-protective antioxidant materials from marine natural products (Porphyra Thalli, Laminariae japonicae thallus, Ostreae Concha, Sargassum Thallus, Undaria thallus, Haliotidis Concha, Agar, Codium thalli, Hizikia fusiforme thalli; HFE, Thalli) which exhibit protective activities against UVB-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative cell death and antiaging effects. As a results, UVB-induced cytotoxicity and cell death were effectively suppressed by treatment of Sargassum Thallus, Agar, Haliotidis Concha, Codium thalli, Thalli ethanol extracts. UVB-induced cell death was mediated by intracellular accumulation or ROS, which was significantly inhibited by treatment with marine natural products extracts. Also, The protective effect of these marine natural products seemed to be mediated by increased expression of type I collagen and Type I procollagen. These results suggest that marine natural products may have anti-aging effects new functional materials against oxidative stress-mediated skin damages.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 1980

The nylon (poly 6, 10) microcapsules containing ${\beta}-galactosidase$ were obtained by the interfacial polymerization of 1, 6-diaminohexane and sebacoyl chloride with ${\beta}-galactosidase$ from Escherichia coli. They were generally spherical and had a mean diameter of $80{\mu}$ with 45 % of the activity recovery. In particular, there was no transport hamper of lactose through the membrane of microcapsules. The characteristics of the microencapsulated enzyme were similar to those of soluble enzyme optimal pHs, $7.0{\sim}7.2$ for the soluble and $7.3{\sim}7.5$ for the microencapsulated ; optimal temperatures, $50^{\circ}C$ for both ; apparent $K_m,\;3.33{\times}10^{-4}(on ONPG),$ $2.86{\times}10^{-3}$ M(on lactose) for the soluble and $5.28{\times}10^{-4}$ (on ONPG), $4.25{\times}10^{-3}$ M (on lactose) for the microencapsulated ; activation energies, 8.94 for the soluble and 9.78 Kcal/mole for the microencapsulated enzyme. Using this microencapsulated ${\beta}-galactosidase$, hydrolyses of lactose and milk lactose were carried out and 80 % of 5 % lactose solution and 70 % of lactose in skim milk were hydrolyzed in 40 hr at $27^{\circ}C$. The reusability and operational stability showed that the remaining activity was 50 % of the original activity after 5 runs and 120 hr of total operating time at $27^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.460-466
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• 2014

To evaluate wood charcoal as raw material for mineral water production, dissolution of inorganic ions from charcoal to water, pH and adsorption ability of chlorine in water were investigated as main variables. More potassium ion was dissolved in water as higher temperature manufactured charcoal but other ions showed no difference with different charcoal making temperatures. Highest dissolved cation was potassium followed by calcium and sodium. Among wood species, charcoal from Quercus variabilis and Platanus occidentalis showed significantly higher potassium content in water than that of larch, red pine and white pine. Other cations had similar pattern to the potassium but their difference was not apparent as much as potassium. pH value of water treated with charcoal was higher for wood charcoals from Platanus occidentalis (pH 8.5) and Quercus variabilis (pH 8.4) which contained higher inorganic cations. In chlorine removal in water by charcoal, all wood charcoals showed greater chlorine removal than that of the control, but softwood charcoals resulted in higher removal than those of hardwoods. There was no significant difference in the dissolution of cations and pHs between particle charcoal and whole charcoal. With easy of control, whole charcoal is better for mineral water making raw material than particle charcoal does.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.116-116
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• 2007

21 세기에 접어들면서 인터넷을 통한 정보 통신의 발달과 개인 휴대용 이동 통신기기의 활발한 보급에 따라 휴대형 전자기기들의 소형화와 고성능화로 나아가고 있다. 이러한 전자기기에 사용될 IC의 내장 메모리 또한 집적화 및 고속화, 저 전력화가 이루어져야 한다. 이러한 전자기기들에 필수적인 압전 세라믹스 부품 중 압전 부저 및 기타 음향 부품등을 각종 전자기기와 무선 전화기에 채택함으로써 압전 부품에 대한 수요와 생산이 계속 증가할 것으로 전망된다. 이처럼 압전 세라믹스를 이용한 그 응용 범위는 대단히 방대하며, 현재 모든 압전 부품들은 PZT 계열 재료로 만들어지고 있고, 차후 모두 비납계열 재료로 대체될 것이 확실시된다. Pb의 환경오염은 이미 오래전부터 큰 문제점으로 인식되고 있었으며 그 일례로 미국의 캘리포니아 주에서는 1986년부터 약 800종의 유해물질, 그 중에서도 Pb 사용을 300ppm 이하로 규제하는 Proposition 65를 제정하여 실행하고 있다. 그리고 2003년 2월에 EU (European Union) 에서 발표한 전자산업에 관한 규제 사항중 하나인 위험물질 사용에 관한 지칭 (Restriction of Hazardous Substance, RoHS) 에 의하면, 2006 년 7월부터 전기 전자 제품에 있어서 위험 물질인 Pb을 포함한 중금속 물질(카드늄, 수은, 6가 크롬, 브롬계 난연재)의 사용을 금지한다고 발표하였다. 비록 전자세라믹 부품에 함유된 Pb는 예외 사항으로 두었지만 대체 가능한 물질이 개발되면 전자세라믹 부품에서도 Pb의 사용을 금지한다고 규정하였다. 더욱이 일본은 2005 년부터 Pb 사용을 금지시켰다. 이와 같이 Pb가 환경에 미치는 영향 때문에 비납계 강유전 물질 및 압전 세라믹스 재료에 대한 연구가 전 세계적으로 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비납계 강유전체의 patterning을 위해서, NKN 박막을 고밀도 플라즈마원인 ICP를 이용하여 식각 mechanism을 연구하고, 식각변수에 따른 식각 공정을 최적화에 대하여 연구하였다. 가스 혼합비에 따라 식각 할때 700 W의 RF 전력과 - 150 V의 직류 바이어스 전압을 인가하였고, 공정 압력은 2 Pa, 기판 온도는 $23^{\circ}C$로 고정하였다. 식각 속도는 Tencor사의 Alpha-step 500을 이용하여 측정되었으며 식각 시 NKN 박막 표면과 라디칼과의 화학적인 반응을 분석하고 식각 메커니즘을 규명하기 위하여 XPS(x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)를 사용하였다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.191-225
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• 2014

Most of all, this paper analyzes the current situation of EU(European Union) and ascertain EU's economic condition in terms of tariff lines and non-tariff barriers. and the purpose of this article is to find out the problems of EU's tariff lines and non-tariff barriers. Next, We suggest some future direction of export promotion from Korea to EU more largely for our companies. First, this paper describes the characteristics and outline of EU. The EU is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are primarily located in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) and the European Economic Community(EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively. After that, The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. There are a combined population of over 500 million inhabitants and generated a nominal gross domestic product(GDP) of 16.692 trillion US dollars in EU. The results are as follows ; First of all, In terms of tariff lines and customs duties, Our companies have to know precisely EU's real tariff lines and other customs duties, and such as value added tax and exercise tax, corporate tax regulated by EU commission and EU's 28 members. second, our companies have to confirm EU's non-tariff barriers. such as RoHS, WEEE, REACH. These non-tariff barriers could be hindrances or obstacles to trade with foreign companies in other countries. We perceive all companies exporting to EU are related with these Technical Barriers to Trade irrespective of their nationality. So, Our companies fulfill the requirements of EU Commission concerning safety, health, environment etc. Also, Our companies choose market-driven strategy to export more largely than before in the field of marketing and logistics.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.191-204
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• 2010

Recently, the CO2 emission and energy consumption have become critical global issues to decide the future of nations. Especially, the spread of IT products and the increased use of internet and web applications result in the energy consumption and CO2 emission of IT industry though information technologies drive global economic growth. EU, the United States, Japan and other developed countries are using IT related environmental regulations such as WEEE(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), RoHS(Restriction of the use of Certain Hazardous Substance), REACH(Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of CHemicals) and EuP(Energy using Product), and have established systematic green business/IT strategies to enhance the competitiveness of IT industry. For example, the Japan government proposed the "Green IT initiative" for being compatible with economic growth and environmental protection. Not only energy saving technologies but energy saving systems have been developed for accomplishing sustainable development. Korea's CO2 emission and energy consumption continuously have grown at comparatively high rates. They are related to its industrial structure depending on high energy-consuming industries such as iron and steel Industry, automotive industry, shipbuilding industry, semiconductor industry, and so on. In particular, export proportion of IT manufacturing is quite high in Korea. For example, the global market share of the semiconductor such as DRAM was about 80% in 2008. Accordingly, Korea needs to establish a systematic strategy to respond to the global environmental regulations and to maintain competitiveness in the IT industry. However, green competitiveness of Korea ranked 11th among 15 major countries and R&D budget for green technology is not large enough to develop energy-saving technologies for infrastructure and value chain of low-carbon society though that grows at high rates. Moreover, there are no concrete action plans in Korea. This research aims to deduce the priorities of the Korean green business/IT strategies to use multi attribute weighted average method. We selected a panel of 19 experts who work at the green business related firms such as HP, IBM, Fujitsu and so on, and selected six assessment indices such as the urgency of the technology development, the technology gap between Korea and the developed countries, the effect of import substitution, the spillover effect of technology, the market growth, and the export potential of the package or stand-alone products by existing literature review. We submitted questionnaires at approximately weekly intervals to them for priorities of the green business/IT strategies. The strategies broadly classify as follows. The first strategy which consists of the green business/IT policy and standardization, process and performance management and IT industry and legislative alignment relates to government's role in the green economy. The second strategy relates to IT to support environment sustainability such as the travel and ways of working management, printer output and recycling, intelligent building, printer rationalization and collaboration and connectivity. The last strategy relates to green IT systems, services and usage such as the data center consolidation and energy management, hardware recycle decommission, server and storage virtualization, device power management, and service supplier management. All the questionnaires were assessed via a five-point Likert scale ranging from "very little" to "very large." Our findings show that the IT to support environment sustainability is prior to the other strategies. In detail, the green business /IT policy and standardization is the most important in the government's role. The strategies of intelligent building and the travel and ways of working management are prior to the others for supporting environment sustainability. Finally, the strategies for the data center consolidation and energy management and server and storage virtualization have the huge influence for green IT systems, services and usage This research results the following implications. The amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions of IT equipment including electrical business equipment will need to be clearly indicated in order to manage the effect of green business/IT strategy. And it is necessary to develop tools that measure the performance of green business/IT by each step. Additionally, intelligent building could grow up in energy-saving, growth of low carbon and related industries together. It is necessary to expand the affect of virtualization though adjusting and controlling the relationship between the management teams.