• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 2021

Airway mucus secretion is an essential innate immune response for host protection. However, overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus, mainly composed of the gel-forming MUC5AC protein, are significant risk factors for patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway negatively regulates MUC5AC expression; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we showed that TGFβ significantly reduces the expression of MUC5AC mRNA and its protein in NCI-H292 cells, a human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line. This reduced MUC5AC expression was restored by a TGFβ receptor inhibitor (SB431542), but not by the inhibition of NF-κB (BAY11-7082 or Triptolide) or PI3K (LY294002) activities. TGFβ-activated Smad3 dose-dependently bound to MUC5AC promoter. Notably, TGFβ-activated Smad3 recruited HDAC2 and facilitated nuclear translocation of HDAC2, thereby inducing the deacetylation of NF-κB at K310, which is essential for a reduction in NF-κB transcriptional activity. Both TGFβ-induced nuclear translocation of Smad3/HDAC2 and deacetylation of NF-κB at K310 were suppressed by a Smad3 inhibitor (SIS3). These results suggest that the TGFβ-activated Smad3/HDAC2 complex is an essential negative regulator for MUC5AC expression and an epigenetic regulator for NF-κB acetylation. Therefore, these results collectively suggest that modulation of the TGFβ1/Smad3/HDAC2/NF-κB pathway axis can be a promising way to improve lung function as a treatment strategy for asthma and COPD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.130-147
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• 1990

This study intended to investigate the characteristics of adolescent drug user in Korea. A questionnaire on adolescent drug use was administered to 1st or 2nd grade 898 students (465 males, 433 females) from 9 senior high schools in Seoul area. The extent of current using six representative drugs such as cigarettes, alcohol, chemical substance inducing hallucination(e,g., thinner, bond etc.), psychostimulant, hypnotic and minor tranqulizer was self-reported. Also their psychological distress, self-concept and individual-related variables such as academic grade, deviant behavior, drug-using peers, the perceived availability of drugs, the degree of family discipline, and the perceived parents' attitude for drinking and smoking were surveyed. Subjects were grouped into six(male) or five(female) subgroups (nonuser, simple experiencer, one kind of drug user, two kinds of drugs user, three kinds of drugs user(male only), minor tranqulizer user) to their extent of drug use. Then ANOVA procedure performed for group comparison of their psychological distress, self-concept and individual-related variables. The results showed that the most popular drugs among adolescents in Korea were cigarettes and alcohol. Minor tranqulizer was used by about 2.8% of male and 7.41% of female subjects. In general abusers showed lower academic grade, more deviant experiences, having more drug-using peers, higher degree of psychological distress, and lower postitive self-concept than nonuser group. According to the results of discriminant analysis, hostility and deviant behavior were reliable predictive variables that distinguished abuser group from nonuser group among the associated variables in this study. These results suggest that some common factors affect drug use of Korean high school students : high school students who have many common risk factors could be abusers more easily. These findings supported risk factor theory that the extent of drug use of adolescents might be associated with general maladjustment in everyday life.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.689-699
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• 2013

This paper studies the partial credibility application method by assuming the empirical prior or noninformative prior informations in auto insurnace business where intensive rating segmentation is expanded because of premium competition. Expanding of rating factor segmetation brings the increase of pricing cells, as a result, the number of cells for partial credibility application will increase correspondingly. This study is trying to suggest more accurate estimation method by considering the Bayesian framework. By using empirically well-known or noninformative information, inducing the proper posterior distribution and applying the Bayes estimate which is minimizing the error loss into the credibility method, we will show the advantage of Bayesian inference by comparison with current approaches. The comparison is implemented with square root rule which is a widely accepted method in insurance business. The convergence level towarding to the true risk will be compared among various approaches. This study introduces the alternative way of redcuing the error to the auto insurance business fields in need of various methods because of more segmentations.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.57-65
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• 2010

Physical activity of the people has decreased due to a sedentary lifestyle according to developing the economy throughout the world. It is thought to increase the risk of chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, etc. People are interested in walking, which is an easy activity to engage in as an antidote to chronic diseases. The aim of this study is to increase the diminishing physical activity of modem society by inducing walking as part of everyday life through building a walking-based activity-friendly city where people can live merrily, safely and pleasantly. For this purpose, this study conducted a satisfaction survey to dwellers of Jinhae on the physical pedestrian environments which affect determining walking participation and intentions of people, and also provided a valid model to evaluate the effects of the physical environmental factors on walking satisfaction using factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results are summarized as follows. The 18 variables of the physical pedestrian environments were selected based on pre-literature reviews. The results of the satisfaction surveys showed that the satisfaction of crossing aids in segments was highest, while the building feature was the lowest. Factor analysis was run through a two-step process. The first analysis was conducted to examine the adequacy of this factor analysis on the selected 18 variables. As a result, two variables were removed and the remaining 16 variables were extracted to the four factors by second analysis. Each factor was named function of path, effect of traffic, amenity and safety based on the each factor's commonality. Each factor score of the extracted four factors was set as the independent variable, while the overall walking satisfaction was set as the dependent variable. Then, the multiple linear regression analysis was conducted and showed that all four factors had a positive influence on the overall satisfaction of walking, especially the 'function of path' and 'amenity' factors, followed by 'effect of traffic' and 'safety'. The results of this research will be used as foundational data for creating a walking-based activity-friendly city.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.293-303
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate if there is a relationship between anterior disc displacement without reduction and development of anterior open bite, and a relation between occurrence of open bite and occlusal appliance therapy. In general, the statistically significant differences were found between the Group 1 and 2 and normal mean group. The variables that represent mandibular size and form, showed a statistical significance in all 3 groups. Also 3 groups patients had a smaller ANB, a larger FMA than normal mean group. When we compared the 3 groups with respect to all cephalometric measurements by One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), group 1 and 2 patients had a larger FMA, a larger SN to mandibular plane angle, a larger maxillomandibular plane angle, a larger occlusal plane to mandibular plane angle, a smaller total posterior facial height/total anterior facial height(%), and a larger gonial angle than group 3. The statistically significant differences were not found between the Group 1 and 2, and skeletal patterns were similar. Thus, morphologic features of patients with vertical discrepancies may represent a risk factor for the development of anterior open bite with or without occlusal appliance treatment. In case of patients with vertical discrepancy, we may have to be more careful when inducing a change of the vertical dimension.