• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.189-202
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• 2010

전통적으로 금융기관이 전자금융을 취급하는 과정에서 제기되는 여러 가지 위험을 경감하기 위한 다양한 수단을 가지고 있지만, 인터넷의 활성화로 인해 새로운 전자금융의 위험이 제기되고 있으나 이에 대한 대응방안과 정책수단에 대한 연구는 미미한 실정이다. 인터넷이 사회적으로 광범위하게 확산되고 이용이 활발해짐에 따라 금융기관에서도 전자금융운영시스템을 인터넷중심으로 바꾸고 있다. 이 과정에서 온오프라인 겸영은행의 전자금융이나 인터넷전문금융기관의 전자금융의 경우 인터넷이 지니고 있는 고유한 특성으로 계좌개설에서 제기되는 새로운 위험이나 아웃소싱과정에서 제기되는 위험 등 새로운 위험이 제기되고 있다. 이러한 위험에 대응하기 위해서는 전자금융위험관리방식을 체계화할 뿐 아니라, 해킹방지, 고객보안강화 등 기술적 물리적 대책도 필요하며 체계적인 아웃소싱위험관리기준의 마련 등 다양한 대응책의 마련이 요구된다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.15-30
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• 2000

본 연구는 소규모 저수지의 위험도와 초기저수지 수위와의 관계를 설정하기 위하여 신뢰도 분석기법을 적용하였다. 저수지의 안전성을 평가하기 위해서는 변수들의 불확실성을 파악하여야 하며 기능 수행함수를 설정하여야 한다. 저수지의 위험도를 산정하는 절차는 우선 월류에 대한 기능수행함수의 위험도 기준을 설정한 후 변수들의 불확실성을 파악하고 적정한 신뢰도 분석기법에 의하여 위험도를 산정하게 된다. 적용된 신뢰도 분석기법은 MCS(Monte Carly simulation) 법과 MVFOSM (mean value first order second momet) 법이며 이를 이용하여 저수지의 위험도를 산정하였다. 이에 따라 설계 재현기간에 따른 위험도-초기 저수지 수위의 관계를 설정하였으며 이는 저수지의 운용에 유용하게 사용될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to point out that the Kaplan-Meier method is not valid to calculate the survival probability or failure probability (risk) in the presence of competing risks and to introduce more valid method of cumulative incidence function. Methods: Survival analysis methods have been widely used in biostatistics division. However the same methods have not been utilized in reliability division. Especially competing risks cases, where several causes of failure occur and the occurrence of one event precludes the occurrence of the other events, are scattered in reliability field. But they are not noticed in the realm of reliability expertism or they are analysed in the wrong way. Specifically Kaplan-Meier method which assumes that the censoring times and failure times are independent is used to calculate the probability of failure in the presence of competing risks, thereby overestimating the real probability of failure. Hence, cumulative incidence function is introduced and sample competing risks data are analysed using cumulative incidence function and some graphs. Finally comparison of cumulative incidence functions and regression type analysis are mentioned briefly. Results: Cumulative incidence function is used to calculate the survival probability or failure probability (risk) in the presence of competing risks and some useful graphs depicting the failure trend over the lifetime are introduced. Conclusion: This paper shows that Kaplan-Meier method is not appropriate for the evaluation of survival or failure over the course of lifetime. In stead, cumulative incidence function is shown to be useful. Some graphs using the cumulative incidence functions are also shown to be informative.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.80-89
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• 2010

Purpose: This paper has attempted to investigate the association between the subclinical thyroid function disorder caused by natural change in thyroid hormones or thyroid remedies and the incidence of CHD. Methods: Data was analyzed of 7,675 women who had undergone health examinations in a hospital in Gyeonggi-do between January 2007 and December 2008. The covariation of the coronary risk factors such as age, BMI, HbA1C, systolic blood pressure, LDL:HDL-cholesterol ratio, CRP, smoking and exercise were analyzed by using logistic regression analysis. Results: A significant increase in serum TSH was observed with higher age (F=26.91, p=.00). In terms of age, the risk of CHD started to gradually increase since the 40s and sharply since the 60s (${\chi}^2$=113.29, p=.00). The serum TSH was the most significant parameter influencing CHD (B=.12, p=.00). The risk of coronary heart disease was 3.12 times higher in the subclinical hypothyroidism group (OR=3.12) while no significant difference was observed in the subclinical hyperthyroidism group. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism may be an independent risk factors for CHD. A nurse nursing patients with thyroid disorder should be well informed of their state of subclinical thyroid function disorder and make efforts to extend their health expectancy.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제9권8호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2018

본 연구는 독거노인의 치매 위험인자 보유상태가 인지기능 저하에 미치는 영향요인임을 알아보기 위한 서술적 조사 연구이다. 지역사회에 거주하는 독거노인 143명을 대상으로 치매 위험인자를 파악하기 위한 간이 설문지, 노인우울척도, 치매선별용 간이정신상태 검사를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 독거노인의 인지기능에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인은 무학과 초졸 이하의 학력, 연령, 우울상태, 흡연, 여가활동, 성별 순으로 나타났다. 향후 독거노인을 대상으로 치매예방 전략을 마련하기 위해서는 인지기능에 부정적인 영향을 주는 요인을 파악하여 인지건강에 도움을 줄 수 있는 생활습관의 변화와 다각적인 관리방안을 모색해야할 필요성이 있다.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1996

The personality types developed by Gustav Jung are frequently used to identify peopl's decision-making style, especially to determine which functions are dominant ones in the perception and the processing of information. In this paper, the Jungian typology is utilized to investigate if there are any systematic relations between an individual's personality type and her/his attitude toward risk. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted where 99 subjects, mostly students, participated in a computer-simulated horse racing game. Each subject's risk-seeking propensity was measured by the winning chance of the selected horse and the amount of stakes. The results of the experiment show that a decision-maker who is extrovert (E) is attitude and intutive(N) in perception of information is more likely to be risk prone than the introvert(I) and sensing(S) type. Feeling(F) function in information processing seems to induce more risk seeking attitude than thinking (T) function, but the statistical significance could not be found from the data, for this statement.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2009년도 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.3-18
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• 2009

It is difficult for consumers to satisfy high safety request with post-management method such as inspection and surveillance, as various changes in-and-out of the country associated with food safety. In terms of food safety problems related to foods, it is crucial to recognize public health and consumer protection and construct pre-preventive Food Control System. A joint committee, FAO/WHO made the following consultations to the National Food Safety System. ${\circ}$ Approach entirely from farm to table ${\circ}$ Get ready for Risk Analysis System ${\circ}$ Secure transparency ${\circ}$ Establish the optimal policy by evaluating the effect of regulation When it comes to summarizing the consultation, it would be accumulated as two key words; "Efficiency" and "Credibility". Whereas the problem of efficiency focuses on precaution rather than post-management, it requires policy option to maximize consumer's benefit by evaluating the cost for the Food Safety Management and its benefit. Also, analyzing risk's character and amount, demanding an optimal means, and introducing scientific analysis system put much value on the stakeholder's communications are procedure's security which can satisfy both "Efficiency" and "Credibility" simultaneously. Especially, it is emphasized here that Risk Assessment need to be separated from Risk Management. This action is a valid means of credibility security throughout improving transparency. A number of nations and organizations have reformed the method of food management passing through reflection and examination of the prior National Food Safety Management since BSE occurred in Britain, 1996. FSA; Food Standard Agency, AFFSA, EFSA, BfR, and FSC are Risk Assessment Organization functionally separated from Risk Management Organization, JECFA, JMCFA, JMPR, JEMRA in Codex charge Risk Assessment internationally. In case of advanced countries excluding several those such as The U.S. and so forth, though these Risk Assessment Organizations are either separated functionally within Risk Management Organization or operated as apart organ, common factors are in which it has independence as Science Base. While securing independence of Risk Assessment Function, it is a tendency Risk Management should be functionally unified into efficiency as well. Though Germany constructs integral Risk Management System of diverse ways according to social and political conditions of each country such as GFOCP, DVFA, SNFA, CFIS and AQIS, there is a key word in the center, "Securing efficiency of Food Safety Management". However our nation has a representative plural；diversified system with The U.S., we took a step forward for unification as empowering policy's generalization；adjustment and Risk Assessment Function by means of enacting the "Food Safety Fundamental Law" in 2008 and establishing the "Food Safety Policy Commission" with private and governmental sectors in the Prime Minister's office. Even though the unification of Risk Management hereby increased, there is the lack of strengthening function of Risk Assessment and securing independence. It needs to be required for the professional committee in Food Safety Policy Commission to develop as a exclusive office of Risk Assessment by separating from a policy decision. Administrative Branches should reinforce feeble functions such as fundamental investigation；research for carrying out Risk Assessment with securing efficiency throughout reassessment of prior Risk Management Means.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2018

목적: 본 연구는 노인의 인지수준이 낙상을 유발하는 위험 행동요인과 어떤 상관관계를 갖는지 알아보기 위하여 진행되었다. 연구방법: 2017년 10월부터 12월까지 3개월 간 4개의 도시에 거주하고 있는 65세 이상 인지장애가 있는 노인 및 인지장애가 없는 노인 43명을 대상으로 인지기능 평가(K-MoCA) 및 낙상행동요인척도(FaB)를 실시하여 자료를 수집하였다. 두 평가의 총점 결과간의 상관관계를 SPSS 22를 사용하여 분석하였고, 각각의 낙상행동요인과 인지수준과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: 노인의 인지수준과 낙상행동요인 간에 통계적으로 유의미한 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<.01). 노인 낙상행동요인 척도의 총 30개의 문항 중 9개의 문항이 K-MoCA의 총점과 통계적으로 유의미한 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 노인의 인지수준이 높을수록 낙상위험 행동요인이 적고, 인지수준이 낮을수록 낙상위험 행동요인을 인식하지 못하고 낙상관련 위험행동을 하는 양상을 보인다. 특히 일부 낙상위험 행동요인은 인지수준과 상관관계가 있어 관련 중재를 제공할 시 고려해주는 것이 필요하다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2014

Constrained Bayesian estimates overcome the over shrinkness toward the mean which usual Bayes and empirical Bayes estimates produce by matching first and second empirical moments; subsequently, a constrained Bayes estimate is recommended to use in case the research objective is to produce a histogram of the estimates considering the location and dispersion. The well-known squared error loss function exclusively emphasizes the precision of estimation and may lead to biased estimators. Thus, the balanced loss function is suggested to reflect both goodness of fit and precision of estimation. In insurance pricing, the accurate location estimates of risk and also dispersion estimates of each risk group should be considered under proper loss function. In this paper, by applying these two ideas, the benefit of the constrained Bayes estimates and balanced loss function will be discussed; in addition, application effectiveness will be proved through an analysis of real insurance accident data.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권11호
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• pp.339-347
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• 2018

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by abrupt deterioration of renal function, and its diagnosis relies on creatinine measurements and urine output. AKI is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, and is a risk factor for development of chronic kidney disease. There is no proven medication for AKI. Therefore, prevention and early detection are important. Physicians should be aware of the risk factors for AKI and should monitor renal function in high-risk patients. Management of AKI includes optimization of volume status and renal perfusion, avoidance of nephrotoxic agents, and sufficient nutritional support. Continuous renal replacement therapy is widely available for critically ill children, and this review provides basic information regarding this therapy. Long-term follow-up of patients with AKI for renal function, blood pressure, and proteinuria is recommended.