• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2011

Background: The rising prevalence of asthma may be associated with the rising prevalence of obesity in developed nations. There are several studies showing that obesity increases the risk of asthma in adults. We investigated the association of each body composition scale and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Methods: This study involved a retrospective review of the existing records for 279 subjects with respiratory symptoms, who underwent a pulmonary function test, a methacholine challenge test and a body composition test between May 2007 and June 2009. Results: Of the 279 subjects, 179 (64%) were female. There was a statistically significant difference in fat free mass and in fat free mass index between the normal bronchial responsiveness group and bronchial hyper-responsiveness group (p=0.036; p=0.000). There was no significant differences in body mass index, in fat mass and fat free mass index in the normal bronchial responsiveness group and bronchial hyper-responsiveness group in males. However in females, body mass index and fat free mass index were increased in the bronchial hyper-responsiveness group (p=0.044; p=0.000). Total body water (kg), fat free mass (kg) and soft lean mass (kg) were significantly different between the normal bronchial responsiveness group and bronchial hyper-responsiveness group (p=0.002; p=0.000; p=0.000). Conclusion: This study showed significant differences in fat free mass and in fat free mass index between the normal bronchial responsiveness group and the bronchial hyper-responsiveness group. In females, BMI, soft lean mass, and total body water showed significant differences between the normal bronchial responsiveness group and the bronchial hyper-responsiveness group. We concluded that bronchial hyper-responsiveness was associated with not only body mass index but also fat free mass index in female bronchial asthma.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.270-276
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• 2001

The treatment of mandibular subcondylar fractures is a matter of controversy. The majority of mandibular subcondylar fracture are treated by closed reduction, but the displaced or dislocated mandibular subcondylar fractures may be treated by open reduction. The characteristics of open reduction are the anatomical reduction, the functional restoration, the rapid function, the maintenance of vertical ramus dimension, the better appearance and the less resultant TMJ problem etc. When an open reduction is considered, the wire, miniplate, lag screw and Kirschner wire are available with internal fixation. Of these, Kirschner wire is a simple method relatively and correct positioning of the wire achieves rigid fixation. But many open reduction methods for mandibular subcondylar fractures require extraoral approach. The extraoral approach has some problems, the facial scar and the risk of facial nerve injury. On the other hand, the intraoral approach eliminates the potency of the facial scar and the facial nerve injury, but is difficult to access the operation site. Since the intraoral approach was first described by Silverman (1925), the intraoral approach to the mandibular condyle has been developed with modifications. The purpose of this article is to describe the intraoral technique with the Kirschner wire on mandibular subcondylar fractures. Conclusion : The intraoral reduction with Kirschner wire on mandubular subcondylar fractures avoids the facial scar and facial nerve injury and is simple method to the extraoral approach. And it has minimal morbidity and better esthetics.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

The elderly suffer from an impaired immune function being obvious in a higher susceptibility to infections. Although the inflammatory cells are the major immunomodulatory cells, fibroblasts also secrete a variety of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Therefore periodontal tissue aging might playa role in development and progress of periodontitis. In this study, we investigated the effect of in vitro periodontal ligament cellular aging on the inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloprotease(MMP)-2 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) treatment. Three different cell populations were used; passages 4-5, 14-15, and 24-25 (at passage 27, more than 90% cells were replicative senescent). LPS increased the expression of interleukin(IL)-1${\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, IL-8, RANTES, and MMP-2. However, the order of induction folds were passages 14-15 > 4-5 > 24-25. While the expression level of Toll-like receptor(TLR) 4 decreased according to the increase in passage number, the level of TLR2 was highest at passages 14-15 and then decreased at passages 24-25. While the spontaneous expression of IL-8 decreased according to the increase in passage number, that of RANTES and proMMP-2 increased according to the increase in passage number. These results suggest that the aging of periodontal ligament fibroblasts differentially affect the role as immunomodulatory cells in response to periodontopathic bacteria and therefore might be another risk factor of periodontitis progression.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.351-354
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• 2011

Home network system makes it available for controlling inside home and for controlling from outside as well with personal computer, cellular phone or smart phone, by connecting diverse information equipments within home such as lighting, gas, and heating equipments with network Integrated server and wall-pad, which form home network system, have demerits as saying of being high-priced and of needing to implement network infrastructure. Also, there is also risk, which is unavailable for controlling equipments inside home, or can cause malfunction of equipments given the occurrence of a problem about integrated server This study suggested the intelligent home network system, which uses smart phone of supplementing these merits of home network system. It substituted high-specification input & output equipment in the currently and widely supplied smart phone for display and touch screen, which are user interface part of the existing wall-pad, and suggest the common home network system by concentrating management and control function of home network on smart phone.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.217-228
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of early full-time nonparental care during infancy/toddlerhood on children's socioemotional behaviors during the preschool period. Subjects for this study were 105 three- to five-year-olds from middle-class families in the U. S. A. Children were assigned to one of three groups according to their early care history. Children's social interactions with peers and caregivers during indoor free-play sessions in day care centers were observed for 20 minutes. The head teachers rated the children's social and emotional behaviors on two questionnaires. Mothers completed the Attachment Q-sort for attachment assessment for the preschoolers. In addition, mothers were asked to fill out a questionnaire on their parenting practices. Children who had received full-time nonparental care during infancy and/or toddlerhood were rated by their teachers as being more intellectually competent than children who did not receive full-time nonparental care during first three years of life. They were, however, rated by teachers and were observed by the researcher as being more aggressive than children with no full-time nonparental care. These children were observed to engage in less wandering/onlooking behaviors than children who had not had any full-time nonparental care. Children's attachment security scores and dependency scores did not differ as a function of early nonparental care histories. When the effects of early care patterns, sex of child, and current attachment security to mothers on aggressive behaviors of the preschoolers were examined by a hierarchical regression model, then any "pure" effects of nonparental care and of attachment security on child aggression were minimal after controlling for family background, child care center quality, and maternal childrearing practices. Strong buffering factors for the preschool children (family characteristics, parenting styles, and high quality nonparental care) mediated a possible risk factor of early nonparental care and promoted optimal outcomes for the children.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.33-40
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• 2016

Credit card is means of payment used like cash in terms of function and its users have increased consistently. With development of Internet and electronic commerce a role as payment method of credit card has been growing. But as the risk which results from centralized information and online increases, credit card fraud is also growing. Card theft and loss are decreasing due to countermeasure of card companies and financial supervisory authorities, while card forge and identity theft are increasing. Recently because of frequent personal information leakage and deregulation of financial security following easy-to-use payment enforcement, customer's anxiety about card fraud is growing. And the increase of card fraud lowers trust on credit system as well as causes social costs. In this paper, the security problems of card operating system are addressed in depth and the measures such as immediate switch to IC card terminals, introduction of new security technology, supervision reinforcement of the authorities are proposed.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.3-15
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• 2014

Ever expanding overseas construction is one of the most important issues for Korean construction companies. Among these issues, strategies for overseas plant construction have widely been discussed, because the plant construction has features of low competitiveness and high ripple effects when compared with other construction sectors. In this sense, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the CM capability of Korean construction industry for overseas plant construction. Fourteen construction business functions and four techniques were defined first. Based on these functions and techniques, CM capability was quantified for As-Is (2013), To-Be (2018) and Gap analyses. Findings of this research reveal that 1) capability for construction is quite competent, 2) capabilities for planning, design management, contracting, and risk management are found to be relatively low, where higher value can be added. In addition, it is found that R&D needs to be extended to develop systemized management techniques. It is also required to secure specialists and original technologies at national industrial level.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2007

Background: The multitude of the therapeutic usefulness of intra-articular injection of hyaluronate on oateoarthritis of the knee is still in question. The objective of this systemic review was to elucidate both the therapeutic efficacy and the safety of intra-articular administration of hyaluronic acid for degenerative osteoarthritis of the knee joints. Methods: I searched MEDLINE and Korea Medical Database (KMbase) from January 1990 to April 2007 using a combination search terms for knee osteoarthritis and hyaluronic acid and a filter for randomized controlled trials. I extracted data on pain at rest, and during or just after movement, on joint function, and on adverse events. Results: Ten trials that reported usable quantitative information on any of the predefined end points were identified and included in the systemic review. Intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid can decrease symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee. The study revealed significant improvements in pain and functional outcomes with few adverse effects. However, there was significant between-study heterogeneity in the estimates of the efficacy of hyaluronic acid. Sub-group analysis showed that lower methodological quality such as a single-blind or single-center design resulted in higher estimates hyaluronic acid efficacy, and that patients older than sixty years of age and those with the most advanced radiographic stage of osteoarthritis were less likely to benefit from intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid. Conclusion: According to the currently available evidence, intra-articular hyaluronic acid has been proven clinically effective for the patients bearing the knee osteoarthritis with NSAID-induced GI troubles or inapplicable to any surgery, and may be associated with lower risk of adverse events.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.56-58
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• 2015

Summary: We report the first hepatic adverse effect of tosufloxacin tosylate in a muscle invasive bladder cancer patient with normal liver functions and with scheduling to undergo a surgical operation for a neobladder. Tosufloxacin tosylate 150 mg was administered to a 57-year-old man who maintained transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) postoperative multiple medications. His labs presented significant increases in alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels with 2-week compliance of 150 mg tablet three times a day. After discontinuing tosufloxacin tosylate, the levels slowly decreased and completely returned to normal ranges without any intervention in a few weeks. The Naranjo Causality Algorithm indicates a probable relationship between increased ALT and tosufloxacin. The patient was to have the second surgical operation as scheduled after getting normal range of ATL level. Therefore, tosufloxacin should be avoided in patients at risk for having liver dysfunctions or diseases if the patients have a schedule for any operation. Background: Tosufloxacin tosylate has been shown to have favorable benefits as an antibiotic. Tosufloxacin tosylate may be considered to have the adverse effects such as nauseas, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, stomatitis, tendonitis, tendon rupture, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, weakness, agitation including hemolysis in the event of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency as other fluoroquinolones. More severe adverse reactions of tosufloxacin tosylate over the above common adverse effects of fluoroquinolones were thrombocytopenia and nephritis. It also is not well known that tosufloxacin can cause hepatic problem. Here the study reports the first hepatic reaction from tosufloxacin and might arouse heath care providers' attention to appropriate drug choice for patients.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.45-52
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• 2017

In this paper, we investigated the following items for the development of gas safety work mobile app. In this study, which is a follow-up study after the completion of the scenario design and the first, second image extraction of the mobile app based on the initial research that has been studied, 1) Suggested classification of gas works by type classification and risk classification 2) The research and proposal of interaction method for effective interworking of mobile app and worker in many industrial fields of two-hand work have been made. In particular, the development of a mobile app that interacts with the main system that manages not only the gas work but also the field of each industrial field is the first attempt in Korea and has helped the worker to work freely and safely through various interaction methods.