• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.105-123
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• 2020

This study analyzes the risk selection behavior of Japanese households. The study approaches the view of 'the hyperbolic discount' which is used in behavioral economics based on the rise in mortgage lending by low-income households in the late 2000s. The study focuses on how households risk preferences vary by income levels. The study analyzes the relationship of attitude of household interest rate risk using Binomial Logistic and Heckman two-step estimation method assuming that there are only two types of Adjustable-Rate Mortgage and Fixed-Rate Mortgage. As a result of the empirical analysis, low-income households annual income tend to have a higher proportion of housing debt as same as higher interest rate risk preferences households in proportion to income growth and interest rate risk preferences. Those results indicate that there is possibility of a hyperbolic discount on low-income households in Japan, and support the hypothesis that low-income households are relatively higher household debt ratio because of high utility due to home purchase in the near future (short-term).

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.29
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• pp.13.1-13.11
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• 2014

Objectives This study examined variations in the perceptions of dioxin risk among social groups defined by geographical living location, environmental education, and occupation. Dioxin risk perceptions were analyzed according to values, risk awareness, knowledge, and behavioral preferences. Methods A quasi-experimental survey was designed and conducted on individuals from seven experimental groups in Jeonju city, South Korea, including: people living near incineration facilities; people living far from incineration facilities; governmental experts; non-governmental organization members; office workers in developmental institutes or banks; students who were enrolled in environmental-related classes; and students who were enrolled in business-related classes. Results The results show variations among groups in values, awareness and behavioral preferences. Particular attention should be given to the result that groups with higher connectedness-to-nature values show higher willingness-to-act (WTA) for risk reduction. Result s can be summarized as follows. First, awareness is associated with one's geographical setting. Second, values and WTA behaviors are related to one's environmental-related education and occupation. Third, values are significantly related to WTA behaviors. Conclusions Different cultures, in terms of values or worldview, among groups influence their perceptions of dioxin risk and choices of risk reduction behaviors. It is important to consider values in communicating complicated long-term risk management involving public participation. Further research should be continuously conducted on the effects of multiple dimensions of values on one's WTA for risk reduction behaviors.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.622-634
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and altered food preferences of stroke patients. One hundred and forty-six outpatients, who had experienced their first-ever stroke and were admitted to Asan Medical Center between July and December 2000, were studied. Using interviews, we assessed the altered food preferences, food consumption frequency, and other factors influencing the food preferences and food consumption frequency of the subjects. These results were analyzed with 2 t-tests, and multiple regression analysis, using the SPSS package program. Preferences for pork, red fish, coffee, bread and stews were higher in male stroke patients than in females. The frequency of consumption of beef, pork, white fish, red fish, egg, garlic, onion, coffee, instant noodles, bread, and culinary vegetables increased in the male stroke patients more than in the females. Food preferences were influenced by income, risk factors, subjective tastes and location of brain ischemic lesions. Food consumption frequency was affected by food preference, income, drugs, alcohol, marital status, sex, and dysgeusia. As a result of multiple regression analysis, the frequency of consumption of white fish, red fish, eggs, soy milk, milk, garlic, onions, coffee, noodles, bread, bean-paste stew, kimchi, culinary vegetables, and greasy foods were the most affected by each food preference. Our results suggest that food consumption frequency may vary with food preference, income, drugs, alcohol, marital status, sex, and dysgeusia, and nutrition education should be formulated to prevent stroke recurrence based on the food preferences, subjective tastes, and risk factors of individual stroke patients.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.448-458
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• 2014

Objectives: Increasing salt preferences with age are said to increase preferences of salty foods, thereby leading to greater sodium consumption, which has further implication for hypertension. This study examined the link between preference of salty taste and dietary factors and health-related risk factors in Korean elderly people. Methods: We studied 312 elderly individuals aged > 65 years (male, 100 and female, 212). With each subject, pleasant concentration of NaCl was estimated using the sip-and-spit method. Dietary habits, food preferences, consumption frequencies, anthropometric and biochemical assessment were assessed. Results: The pleasant salt concentration was significantly increased in individuals older than 75 years (p < 0.05). Subjects who liked high concentration of salt showed significantly higher preferences for salty foods (p < 0.001). Results showed significant effects (p < 0.01) of fruit & fruit juice consumption frequencies, MNA (mini-nutritional assessment), cognition score, BMI, body fat %, waist circumference, arm circumference, calf circumference, vitamin D level that subjects who likes low salty taste were higher than subjects who likes high salty taste. Conclusions: The preference for salty taste in the elderly was not correlated with hypertension. But, increased preference for salty taste with age and increased salty food preferences may result in higher sodium consumption. Therefore, nutritional education regarding lowering salt preference and favorable behaviors of low-salt diet is needed to improve the quality of life in the rural elderly.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.435-439
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• 2015

It is important for Singaporean companies to manage the multifaceted risks when forming international construction joint ventures (ICJVs) with developing countries. The objectives of this study are to assess the risks associated with Singaporean ICJVs with developing countries, and investigate the risk allocation preferences in these ICJVs. To fulfill these objectives, a literature review was carried out and a questionnaire survey was performed with 38 professionals. The survey results reported "political instability" as the most critical risk, and market level risks were less critical than country and project level risks. Additionally, the results showed agreement on the risk ranking between building and infrastructure ICJVs, despite significant differences in the criticalities of five risks. Furthermore, five risks were preferably allocated to host and foreign partners, respectively, while 13 risks could be shared among partners. As few studies have explored the risk allocation preferences in ICJVs, this study expands the literature. Also, the identification of the risks allows other companies to customize their own lists of critical risks, while the preferred risk allocation provides valuable information for companies from various countries that intend to form ICJVs with developing countries. Thus, this study contributes to the global body of knowledge relating to ICJVs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.25-38
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is constructing a regional-level crop acreage choice model incorporating the impacts of producer risk aversion, and applying the constructed model to the Korean policy that promotes rice paddy conversion into non-rice crop fields. The study adopts the approach of Paris (2018) which estimates the absolute risk aversion coefficient inside of a positive mathematical programming model. A panel data set of 143 cities/counties is used for the empirical study where agricultural land in each region is allocated to 8 crops. Our estimated absolute risk aversion coefficients are smaller than those of Paris (2018), but are a little bit larger than those of the existing Korea studies based on survey or econometric methods. We found that there are close relationships among the estimated risk aversion, regional characteristics, and farming patterns. We also found that incorporating the estimated risk attitudes results in substantial differences in the impacts of the rice paddy conversion policy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.494-504
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• 2006

This study compared eating habits, food preferences, and the nutrient intakes of university students and their parents. The subjects were 186 students (68 males and 118 females) and 143 parents (62 fathers and 81 mothers) in 2 middle-sized cities and 3 metropolises. Eating habits and food preferences were investigated by questionnaire, and nutrient intake by a self recoding for 24-hour. The university students ate out, and ate breads, fast foods, instant foods, and canned or frozen products more frequently than their parents. They had higher preferences for meats, but lower preferences for fish, beans and bean products, vegetables, and sea weeds than their parents. Students took in more energy, total fat, total cholesterol, and SFA (saturated fatty acids) than their parents. The energy ratio of carbohydrate to the total energy intake was lower in the students than in their parents, while the energy ratio of fat to the total energy intake was higher in the students than in their parents. The intake of fats by the students amounted to more than 25% of the total energy intake. In conclusion, the university students had developed a more Western eating pattern and food preference, and were exposed to more risk factors to health than their parents, They should therefore, learn how to manage their meals more carefully in order to reduce risk factors to health.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.4229-4235
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• 2015

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC is increasingly becoming a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in Jordan. However the population's level of awareness about CRC, CRC screening test preferences and willingness to embrace screening are not known. The aim of this study was to assess the level of CRC awareness and screening preferences among Jordanian patients. Materials and Methods: A survey assessing the CRC knowledge levels was distributed among patients attending outpatient gastroenterology clinics in public hospitals throughout Jordan. A total of 800 surveys were distributed and of these 713 (89.1%) were returned. Results: Only 22% of the participants correctly judged CRC among the choices provided as the commonest cause of cancer related deaths. The majority of participants (68.3%) underestimated their risk for CRC. Only 26.8% correctly judged their life time risk while 5% overestimated their risk. Two thirds of participants (66%) were willing to pay 500 Jordanian Dinars (equivalent to 706 US$) in order to get a prompt colonoscopy if recommended by their physician, while 25.5% reported that they would rather wait for 6 months in order to get a free colonoscopy. Conclusions: Although the participants tended to underestimate their risk for CRC, they were mostly aware of CRC as a major cause of mortality and were willing to embrace the concept of CRC screening and bear the related financial costs. These findings about CRC awareness and propensity for screening provide a good foundation as the Jordanian health system moves forward with initiatives to promote CRC screening and prevention.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.147-155
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• 2014

While variety of content on the internet has increased with the development of IT and person's needs about suitable information are increasing rapidly, studies for personalized service have been actively performed. In the study, we proposed the Hypertension and Diabetes risk analysis system according to personal food intake preference using the analysis method of buying preferences in product recommendation system. For the analysis of food intake preference, the Pearson correlation coefficient is used to calculate similarity weights between each reference analysis data and sample data and then reference data should be grouping into the similarity weights and calculating risk of hypertension and diabetes each group. To evaluate the significance of this system, 1,021 subjects are applied the system. Hypertension and diabetes groups' risk is significant higher than normal group statistically so, it is confirmed that food intake preference and the diseases were relevant. In this paper, we verify the validity of hypertension and diabetes risk analysis system using a personal food intake preference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.5 no.1 s.12
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• pp.24-33
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• 2007

This study was undertaken to find out how much influence eating habits and food preferences have on basic skin types, namely dry skin, normal skin, oily skin, and combination skin, as well as troubled skin, such as acne skin, sensitive skin, pigment disorder skin and unbalanced oil and moisture skin. The aim of this study was to help establish good eating habits and to reform food preferences in order to maintain healthy skin. For this study, a suey on the eating habits and food preferences of 206 college women in the metropolitan area was conducted. Statistics Program SPSS (ver130.0) was used to analyze the results of the material obtained from the survey. The survey revealed that participants with basic skin types ate a variety of foods, enjoy soft drinks, juice and supplementary food, while those with troubled skin types had daily breakfast and substitute snacks for meals. The survey also showed that alcohol is the dangerous factor for the cause of both sensitive skin and pigment disorder skin. And it showed that various nutrition intake is the main factor for unbalanced oil and moisture skin.