• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2010년 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.376-379
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• 2010

Bubble rising phenomenon is widely founded in many industrial applications such as a stream generator in power plant. Many experimental and numerical researches have been already performed to predict dynamic behavior of the bubble rising process. Recently numerical approaches are getting popular since it can offer much detailed information which is almost impossible to obtain from the experiments. Rising bubble could penetrate through the top free surface which makes the problem much more complicate in addition to the phase changing effect even with latest numerical techniques. In this paper, the top free surface effect on rising bubble has been investigated. The gas-liquid interface was explicitly tracked using high-order Level Contour Reconstruction Method(LCRM) which is a hybridization of Front-Tracking and Level-Set method. Break-up behavior of rising bubble at free surface showed different characteristics with initial diameter of bubble.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제9_10호
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• pp.28-90
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• 1985

This study has two objectives. ft attempts to describe the forms and (He functions of sentence final intonations in Korean, and it also attempts to deal with the relationship between questions and rising intonation for Korean and English. The contents of this study are as follows. In Chapter 2, the version of Korean(standard Korean) which this study is assumed to analyse, the sources of material involved, and the method and scope of analysis are stated. Chapter 3, which is a preparatory stage for the analysis of the function of intonation in standard Korean in Chapter 4, classifies the material according to the type of intonation used. In Chapter 4i the discussion is entirely devoted to the function of Korean intonation. The conclusions of Chapter 4 are as follows: Firstly, intonation contours in Korean have the function of distinguishing the sentence types; the falling contour marks declaratives, Wh- interrogatives and imperatives, while the rising contour marks yes/no interrogatives. However, it is interesting to note that in the interrogative sentences with the inflectional ending '-chi', a very different phenomenon is observed; that is to say, most of yes/no interrogatives are marked by the falling contour and all of Wh- interrogatives by the rising one. Secondly, the falling contour in Korean is typically employed in performing the illocutionary act of assertion in rhetorical and tag questions. Thirdly, the intonation in Korean contributes to express the speaker's special attitudes or emotions. In Chapter 5, where the relationship between questions and rising intonation is examined, Liberman's theory turns out to be untenable. Further-more. this thesis shows that an explanation of the relationship between questions and rising intonation should have its basis on general linguistic facts.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2005

본 연구는 대용량 데이터베이스 분석을 통한 한국어의 운을 특성 규명을 시도하였다. 남녀 화자 1명씩 각각 낭독한 650개의 뉴스기사 문장 (총 1,300 개)은 분절음 레이블링과 운율 레이블링을 한 후, 각 운율단위의 성조유형과 크기, 상위운율단위의 크기와 하위 운율단위 수간의 상관관계, 그리고 강세구의 하강곡선과 상승곡선의 기울기와 F0 값에 대한 비교분석을 수행하였다. 운율단위의 지속시간, 어절수, 음절수와 하위 운율단위의 수는 화자뿐만 아니라 운율단위 위치에 따라서 차이를 보였으며 하위 운율단위의 수는 상위 운율단위의 음절수와 지속시간과 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 강세구 내의 하강곡선의 기울기는 강세구 음절수와 반비례 관계를 보였으며 강세구 첫 성조의 유형에 따라 기울기 값에 차이가 있었다. 이 차이는 고성조로 시작한 강세구 성조의 F0 상승과 성조 간 상승 폭의 차이로 설명할 수 있었다. 강세구 경계의 하강곡선은 일정하면서 강세구 내의 하강곡선에 비해 다소 급격한 기울기를 보였다. 강세구 내의 두 상승곡선은 유사한 기지값을 보였으나 강세구 시작 상승곡선의 F0 변화량이 끝 상승곡선의 F0 변화량보다 크게 나타났다. 그리고 하나의 상승곡선이 강세구를 이루는 L Ha의 경우에는 강세구의 음절수에 반비례 관계를 보였다.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.43-89
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• 1992

In this thesis, the prominent aspect of word accent in standard Korean is studied by auditory test and acoustic analysis experiment. The definition of 'accent' is, following Hoyoung Lee's discussion(1990), to be described as 'the means whereby a focused part of an utterance is made to stand out in order to concentrate the hearer's attention on it.' That is to say, the ten of 'accent' may be described in terms of phonological phenomenon and the accented syllable can be phonetically prominent as the result of those phonological process. Prosodic features may have different characteristics in different languages whether they contain linguistically important functions or not. Thus the characteristics of word accent in standard Korean will be determined as the content and trait of prosodic features. Following this viewpoint, present study looked over prosodic features which may effect the characteristics of word accent in standard Korean, through systematic experimental procedure. And the result of this experiment has been verified by statistical method, the T-test, for the purpose of identifying the relatedness among prosodic features(parameters). This thesis, therefore, aimed to investigate the intrinsic acoustic and physical qualities of the word accent in standard Korean. Nonsense words composed by 'mal' and 'ma' which can be divided into 'heavy syllable' and 'light syllable' quoted from Hyman(1975) have been classified into 28 types with respect to syllable numbers(2 syl., 3 sy1., 4 syl.) and these words have become the target of auditory test and acoustic experiment. As the result of those experimental Procedures, the word accent in standard Korean may be said that it has a tendency of fixing first two syllables regardless of syllable numbers. The syllable types of HH, HL, LL in the first two syllables may be prominent at first syllable and the type of H may be at second syllable. Various prosodic features(parameters) including duration, intensity, and Fo(purely phonetic terms) were also strengthened in those positions. The result of this experiment can be cleared up like these : 1. The most important feature is proved as 'duration', the feature of intensity resulted in more subsidiary one than the feature of duration. 2. Fo( fundamental frequency) could be observed as having some coherent contour through almost all syllable types(99 ％), that is, in 2 syllable types, it had rising contour, in 2 syllable types, rising-falling contour, and in 4 syllable types, it contained rising-falling-rising contour. The result of auditory test was different with those contour forms of all Fo surveyed. With respect to these results, the discuss for Fo is determined' to be excluded comparing other features. 3. Finally, this thesis resulted in a decision that the word accent in standard Korean may has fixed(somewhat weaker) accent, especially fixed at first two syllables in almost all words. 4. Various kinds of syllable types related with 2,3,4 syllables, therefore, can be reclassified into 4 types of HH, HL, LH, LL following the concept of accent fixing placement(i.e. first two syllables). In these 4 types, the types of HH, HL, LL were prominent at the position of the first syllable , and the type of LH was prominent at the second syllable otherwise.

• 음성과학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.49-62
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• 1999

This study is concerned with the educational program Visual Analysis Tool (VAT) for sound development for foreign intonation using personal computer. The VAT can run on IBM-PC 386 compatible or higher. It shows the spectrogram, waveform, intensity and the pitch contour. The system can work freely on either waveform zoom in-out or the documentation of measured value. In this paper, intensity and pitch contour information were used. Twelve French sentences were recorded from a French conversational tape. And three Korean participated in this study. They spoke out twelve sentences repeatly and trid to make the same pitch contour - by visually matching their pitcgh contour to the native speaker's. A sentences were recorded again when the participants themselves became familiar with intonation, intensity and pauses. The difference of pitch contour(rising or falling), pitch value, energy, total duration of sentences and the boundary of rhythmic group between native speaker's and theirs before and after training were compared. The results were as following: 1) In a declarative sentence: a native speaker's general pitch contour falls at the end of sentences. But the participant's pitch contours were flat before training. 2) In an interrogative: the native speaker made his pitch contours it rise at the end of sentences with the exception of wh-questions (qu'est-ce que) and a pitch value varied a greath. In the interrogative 'S + V' form sentences, we found the pitch contour rose higher in comparison to other sentences and it varied a great deal. 3) In an exclamatory sentence: the pitch contour looked like a shape of a mountain. But the participants could not make it fall before or after training.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제11_14호
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• pp.73-89
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• 1987

This paper is an attempt to propose a new model of intonation called 'Configurational Contour Model'. For our purpose two previous models are discussed : one is the system of tonetic-stress marks and the other is the theory of pitch levels. To overcome shortcomings which these approaches display, the new model is based on two fundamental characteristics of intonation: (1) that intonation is a suprasyllabic phenomenon; and (2) that intonation is basically a matter of configurations, i.e., of rising, falling and level. Accordingly, the new model can be relatable to relevant aspects of the phonetic representation of utterances and also can express all the tonal oppositions in a given language.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2001

This paper investigates the manner in which various. syntactic structures with a single meaning implement a consistent intonational pattern by examining English conditional clauses. In the phonetic experiment, we explore the edge tones in three different syntactic clauses which are semantically interpreted as a single conditional meaning (an if-clause, a clause with no if. and a clause with no if but followed by and) and compare them with the edge tone realized in a clause which is not interpreted as a conditional meaning. We also investigate the tonal differences resulting from the semantic difference between conditional and non-conditional meanings. That is, the conditional clauses expressed in three different syntactic structures show a consistent intonational pattern in their clausefinal boundaries; a rising contour (H- or H%) is realized at the edge of the intermediate phrases (ip) or intonational phrases (IP) in 89% of the if-clauses, 72% of the clauses with no if, and 79% of the clauses with no if but followed by and. On the other hand, 82% of the non-conditional clauses have a falling contour (L- or L-L%) in their final edge. Statistically, Chi-Square tests show that these percentages are all significantly higher, which suggests that a conditional meaning implements a consistent intonational pattern though it is expressed through different syntactic structures. Therefore, the result supports Bolinger's (1989) claim that intonation makes an important contribution to discourse interpretation.

• 음성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.133-144
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• 2003

The purpose of this acoustic experimental study was to investigate interrelation between prosodic features of Korean spoken language and those of Korean folk songs. The words of Changbutaryoung were spoken for analysis of spoken language by three female graduate students and the song was sung for musical features by three Kyunggi Minyo singers. Pitch contours were analyzed from sound spectrogram made by Pitch Works. Results showed that special musical voices (breaking, tinkling, vibrating, etc.) and tunes (rising, falling, level, etc) of folk song were discovered at the same place where accents of spoken language came. It appeared that, even though the patterns of pitch contour were different from each other, there was positive interrelation between prosodic features of Korean spoken language and those of Korean folk songs.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2006년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.383-386
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• 2006

Subsurface temperature is affected by heat advection due to groundwater advection. Temperature-depth profile can be perturbed especially when there are significant vertical groundwater flux caused by external force such as injection or extraction. This research is to clarify the change of subsurface temperature distribution when the 40m x l0m sandy aquifer is stimulated by two different vertical flux($case1:\;{\pm}10^{-5}m^3/s,\;case2:\;{\pm}4{\times}10^{-5}m^3/s$) using a program called HydroGeoSphere. The resulting temperature distribution contour map shows pumping causes vertical attraction of water from deeper and warmer place which result in rising up isotherm. Additionally more injection/extraction rate, more vertical groundwater flux leads to faster Increase in temperature near the pumping well.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2003년도 5월 학술대회지
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• pp.43-47
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• 2003

This paper is phonetic study of $F_{0}$ range and boundary tone in Mandarin Chinese. The production data from 6 Chinese speakers show that there are declination, pitch resetting and tonal variation of boundary tone. In declarative sentence, $F_{0}$ declines gradually over the utterance but mid-sentence boundary prevents $F_{0}$ of following syllable from declining because of pitch resetting. $F_{0}$ range of syllable is expanded before the mid- and final sentence boundaries. In interrogative one, $F_{0}$ ascends gradually over the utterance and mid-sentence boundary makes $F_{0}$ of following syllable rise more. $F_{0}$ range of sentence final syllable is expanded and $F_{0}$ contour shows rising curve.