• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.56-56
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• 2020

하도식생은 흐름과 유사의 이송에 영향을 주고, 하도의 지형변화를 일으키는데 중요한 역할을 하다. 하도 식생의 밀도가 증가하면, 하안의 안정성이 증가하고 하안침식이 감소하며, 사주의 형상과 거동에 영향을 준다. 또한 하천의 사행발달 및 하천의 지형변화에 영향을 준다. 식생의 성장과 밀도는 홍수 및 하상변동에 의하여 영향을 받으며, 이는 흐름 및 하천의 지형에 영향을 준다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하도식생에 의한 사행하천의 발달과정을 2차원 수치모형을 적용하여 분석하였다. 하도식생의 생의 성장과 소멸과정을 고려하여 식생밀도를 고려하여 사행하천의 변화 과정을 분석하였다. 초기에 하안침식이 발생하고, 하폭이 증가하였다. 특히, 흐름이 집중되는 만곡부에서 하안침식이 증가하며, 하도의 사행도가 증가하였다(Fig.1(b)). 시간이 증가하면서 만곡부 내측에서 고정사주 내측에서 scroll bar가 발달하며, 만곡부 외측에서는 하안침식이 발생하고, 사행도가 증가하였다. 또한 식생의 침수시간이 감소하고 식생의 성장률은 증가하였다(Fig.1(c)). 식생의 밀도가 증가함에 따라 사행도는 증가하였다. 식생의 밀도가 증가함에 따라,

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.377-377
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• 2022

수리권은 물을 소유할 수 있는 권리가 아닌 지속적이고 배타적으로 물을 사용할 수 있는 권리를 의미한다. 국내 수리권은 공유하천용수권, 관행수리권, 허가수리권, 댐사용권 및 농어촌용수 수리권으로 구분되어 있다. 미국의 경우 연안주의 수리권 (Riparian Rights), 유용한 사용의 원칙 (Beneficial Use Doctorin)에 근거한 우선전용 수리권 (Prior Appropriation Rights)으로 구분되어 있으며 물 분쟁이 발생할 경우 동등배분원칙에 따라 해결방안을 제시하고 있다. 일본 수리권의 경우 댐 건설할 경우 건설 주체 및 비용 분담이 명확하게 규정되어 있어 별도의 수리권 규정 절차가 없으며 농업용수에 대한 관행수리권 또는 기득수리권이 존재할뿐 그 외의 생활용수 등에 대한 수리권은 존재하지 않는다. 이렇듯 본 연구에서 검토된 국내외 수리권 법률 및 해결 방안에 대한 비교 및 검토 결과는 향후 국내의 수리권 법률 규정에 기초 자료로 활용 될 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2003

The characteristic of the quality of stream water and the riparian vegetation during rice cultivation in the rural area of the eastern Jeonnam province was surveyed from April to November, 2000. The water quality of the streams during rice cultivation was variable. The pH of these water bodies ranged from $6.5{\sim}8.3$. Electro conductivity (EC) at each water body ranged from $162{\sim}4,910\;{\mu}S/cm$ for Beogyo-cheoa $114.7{\sim}286.6\;{\mu}g/cm$ for Boseong-cheon, $74.8{\sim}147\;{\mu}S/cm$ for Songgwang-cheon, and $61.6{\sim}82.1\;{\mu}S/cm$ for Isa-cheon. Total nitrogen and other parameters (K, Ca, Mg, Na, $Cl^-$, SS) were higher at May (Boseong-cheon) through June (Songgwang-cheon, Isa-cheon) during the transplanting season than these same parameters at August October and November. Thirty weed species of sixteen families were found in the survey areas of Songgwang-cheon, Boseong-cheon Isa-cheon and Beolgyo-cheon. Nine annual weeds, four biennial weeds, and seventeen perennial weeds were found, several different life forms were identified. Of those species three were submerged, two were free floating, five were emerged, and twenty were water-side weeds.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2020

This study aims to provide reference material for effective forest management techniques at the catchment scale, based on the field investigation of large woody debris (LWD) in 11 streams within a third-order forest catchment in Gangwon Province, Korea. To achieve this aim, we analyzed the morphological features of LWD pieces, and the storage and distribution status of LWD by stream order throughout the entire investigation. As a result, a total of 1,207 individual pieces of LWD were categorized into three types as follows: (ⅰ) 1,142 pieces (95%) as only trunk and 65 pieces (5%) as a trunk with root wad, (ⅱ) 1,015 pieces (84%) as non-thinned and 192 pieces (16%) as the thinned, and (ⅲ) 1,050 pieces (87%) as conifer and 157 pieces (13%) as broadleaf. Additionally, in-stream LWD loads (㎥/ha) decreased with increasing stream order, yielding 105.4, 71.3, and 35.6 for first-, second-, and third-order streams, respectively. On the other hand, the ratio of LWD jams to the total LWD volume increased with increasing stream order, yielding 11%, 43%, and 49% for first-, second-, and third-order streams, respectively. Finally, a comparison of the in-stream LWD load with previous studies in several countries around the world indicated that in-stream LWD load was positively correlated with forest stand age even though the climate, topography, forest soil type, forest composition, stand growth rate, disturbance regime, and forest management practices were different. These results could contribute to understanding the significance of LWD as a by-product of forest ecosystems and an indicator of riparian forest disturbance. Based on this, we conclude that advanced forest management techniques, including treatment of thinning slash and stand density control of riparian forest by site location (hillslope and riparian zone, or stream order), should be established in the future, taking the forest ecosystem and the aquatic environment from headwater streams to low land rivers into consideration.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Hyangjeokbong (1,614 m) in Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, shrub forest, grassland forest, afforestation and etc., while riparian forest was found under the category of flatland forest vegetation. Including 122 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 2 communities of riparian forest, the total of 124 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 42 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 37 communities of valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 6 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of shrub forest, 1 communities of grassland forest, 21 afforestation and 4 other communities. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 47.02 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 57.48 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 77.53 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds, and Taxus cuspidate-Abies koreana community takes up about 50 percent of subalpine coniferous forest. Mountain shrub forest and mountain grassland forest vegetation are concentrated mainly on the top of Hyangjeokbong and the ridge connecting the top and Jungbong. Meanwhile, riparian forest vegetation comprises 0.024% of the whole vegetation area in a study area. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Pinus densiflora, Abies koreana and Taxus cuspidata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, in respect of subalpine coniferous forest, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.43-56
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to propose management strategies through aesthetic landscape assessments for landscape units in the Han River riparian(HRR) area. First, this research reclassified the HRR into "natural," "artificial," "agricultural," and mixed landscape types and selected 37 representative case areas(about $1km{\times}1km$). This study found 71 landscape units in consideration of topography and land surface classification. Landscape assessment consisted of landscape quality and landscape integration assessment. The criteria for assessing landscape quality were "naturalness," "interest," "uniqueness," and "landscape function." "Landscape quality" was ranked into five grades using a matrix. The landscape integration assessment consisted of an inner integration assessment in each landscape unit and outer integration assessment among landscape units. As a result of the field study, case sites were found to have 4,288 landscape units and an area of $42.8km^2$. The forest area was found to have the most space with $11,580,905m^2$(27.1%), while the wet lands had just $52,348m^2$(0.1%). In the landscape quality assessment, about 30.5% of the total area consisted of landscape units that scored highest in "naturalness". In the landscape integration assessment, about 39.3% of the total area consisted of landscape units which scored highest in "integration", denoting visual interrelation and harmony. The existence of disparities in landscape quality in accordance with the form of the landscaping was determined using a Oneway ANOVA, with "naturalistic" landscaping scoring the highest and "artificial" landscaping scoring lowest. This study may contribute to making the HRR area a more ecologically sound and visually attractive landscape space. It is recommended that the aesthetical and ecological value of the landscape unit should be assessed simultaneously in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.12-23
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate and analyze the environmental characteristics of restoration areas in the riparian zones of the Han River, and to quantify the amount of topsoil organic carbon storage. As a result of investigation and analysis of 21 survey sites, the total number of species planted was found to be 17, and the mean number of species was $2.86{\pm}0.13$ species per site. At least one species and a maximum of 7 species were planted at each site. The mean diameter at breast height was $9.1{\pm}0.6cm$, the mean height was $6.2{\pm}0.3m$ and the root content in soil was $0.13{\pm}0.18g/cm^2$. As a result of the analysis of the soil characteristics, 6 out of 21 items, such as the bulk density, solid ratio, gravel ratio, soil hardness, sand content, and pH increased as the soil layer deepened. The topsoil organic carbon storage by layer was $11.54{\pm}1.08ton/ha$ at 0-10cm, $8.69{\pm}0.81ton/ha$ at 10-20cm, $7.97{\pm}0.79ton/ha$ at 20-30cm, and the total from 0 to 30cm was $28.21{\pm}7.31ton/ha$. The highest amount of topsoil organic carbon storage by land use in the past was $35.17{\pm}5.31ton/ha$ in agricultural lands, followed by $28.16{\pm}8.31ton/ha$ in residential areas, $21.87{\pm}9.05ton/ha$ in commercial areas, $19.23{\pm}12.48ton/ha$ in industrial areas, and $17.07{\pm}11.33ton/ha$ in the barren areas. The highest amount of topsoil organic carbon storage in the restored areas was $38.46{\pm}3.14ton/ha$ in 2006, followed by $28.57{\pm}7.84ton/ha$ in 2016, and $16.78{\pm}6.06ton/ha$ in 2011. The results of this study are expected to provide a basic database and evaluation criteria for enhancing the carbon abatement effects of the restoration sites in riparian zones in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.445-459
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated current vegetation and assessed the health of vegetation through the KERVI (Korea Estuary Riparian Vegetation Index) to monitor vegetation changes near estuaries due to the opening of the Nakdong River estuary. As the first investigation of the long-term monitoring, six areas near the Nakdong River estuary were surveyed twice in July and October 2021, and vegetation monitoring and a survey of species composition and distribution density of aquatic, riparian, and land plants were carried out. The survey identified 262 taxa, 82 families, 192 genera, 196 species, 3 subspecies, 26 varieties, and 1 form of vascular plants in the surveyed area. The results of the vegetation health assessment through KREVI showed that sites 1 and 6 were rated "Very good" in both surveys, sites 2 and 4 were rated "Very good" in the first survey and then "Good"in the second survey, and site 3 and 5 were rated one grade higher in the second survey than the first survey. The assessment showed that the health grades of most species in the survey area were generally high. Most of the potential natural vegetation after the opening of estuary gates to create a brackish water area is expected to consist of reed (Phragmites communisTrin.) communities. The area of the willow (Salix koreensisAndersson) community adjacent to the water area may be somewhat narrower, but the community will be maintained. In the case of freshwater areas in inland areas with very low salinity, reeds (Phragmites communisTrin.) are expected to occupy most of them, and some communities such as amur silver-grass (Miscanthus sacchariflorusBenth.) and cattails (Typha orientalisC. Presl) are expected to be distributed. We suggest establishing measures such as estuary gate operation to create healthy brackish water regions through long-term monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.137-151
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• 2014

Various studies have been conducted to investigate effects of dams on river ecosystems, but less information is available regarding damming impacts on downstream denitrification. We measured denitrification enzyme activity (potential denitrification rate) and denitrifier abundances (using nirS, nirK, and nosZ as markers) in dammed headstreams of the Nakdong River in South Korea. Sediments in Phragmites-dominated riparian areas and in-stream areas across streams (dammed vs. reference) with different streambed materials (gravel and sand) were sampled occasionally. We hypothesized that (i) the higher available N and C contents in sediments downstream of dams foster larger denitrifier communities than in the reference system and (ii) differences in potential denitrification rates across the systems correspond with denitrifier abundances. Despite 30 years of different hydrological management with dams and greater inorganic N and DOC contents in sediments downstream of dams, compared to the references, abundances of denitrifier communities and potential denitrification rates within the whole sediment were not significantly different across the systems. However, nirS and nosZ denitrifier abundances and potential denitrification rates were considerably increased in specific sediments downstream of dams (gravelly riparian and sandy in-stream) with regard to flooding events and seasonal temperature variation. nirK was not amplified in all sediments. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) revealed that the relationship between abundances of denitrifier communities and nutrient availabilities and potential denitrification rates was a weak one.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2012

A river is defined as the watercourse flowing through its channel, and the mapping tasks of a river plays an important role for the research on the topographic changes in the riparian zones and the research on the monitoring of flooding in its floodplain. However, the utilization of the ground surveying technologies is not efficient for the mapping tasks of a river due to the irregular surfaces of the riparian zones and the dynamic changes of water level of a river. Recently, the spatial information data sets are widely used for the coastal mapping tasks due to the acquisition of the topographic information without human accessibility. In this research, we tried to extract a river from the RapidEye imagery by using the ISODATA(Iterative Self_Organizing Data Analysis) classification algorithm with the two different parameters(NIR (Near Infra-Red) band and NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)). First, the two different images(the NIR band image and the NDVI image) were generated from the RapidEye imagery. Second, the ISODATA algorithm were applied to each image and each river was generated in each image through the post-processing steps. River boundaries were also extracted from each classified image using the Sobel edge detection algorithm. Ground truths determined by the experienced expert are used for the assessment of the accuracy of an each generated river. Statistical results show that the extracted river using the NIR band has higher accuracies than the extracted river using the NDVI.