• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.39-51
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the control process to satisfy spatial and temporal constraints imposed upon the anticipation timing response by analyzing the effect of spatio-temporal accuracy demands on eye movements, response accuracy, and the coupling of eye and hand movements. Research design, data, and methodology: 12 right-handed male subjects participated in the experiment and performed anticipation timing responses toward a stimulus moving at three velocities (0.53m/s, 0.66m/s, 0.88m/s) in two task constraint conditions (temporal constraint, spatial constraint). During the response, response accuracy and eye movement patterns were measured from which timing and radial errors, the latency of saccade, fixation duration of the point of gaze (POG), distance between the POG and stimulus, and spatio-temporal coupling of the POG and hand were calculated. Results: The timing and radial errors increased with increasing stimulus velocity, and the spatio-temporal constraints led to larger timing errors than the temporal constraints. The latency of saccade and the temporal coupling of eye and hand decreased with increasing stimulus velocity and were shorter and longer respectively in the spatio-temporal constraint condition than in the temporal constraint condition. The fixation duration of the POG also decreased with increasing stimulus velocity, but no difference was shown between task constraint conditions. The distance between the POG and stimulus increased with increasing stimulus velocity and was longer in the temporal constraint condition compared to the spatio-temporal constraint condition. The spatial coupling of eye and hand was larger with the velocity 0.88m/s than those in other velocity conditions. Conclusions: These results suggest that differences in eye movement patterns and spatio-temporal couplings of stimulus, eye and hand by task constraints are closely related with the accuracy of anticipation timing responses, and the spatial constraints imposed may decrease the temporal accuracy of response by increasing the complexity of perception-action coupling.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate biologists' brain activation patterns during the generation of scientific questions on biological phenomena. Eight right-handed healthy biologists volunteered to be participants in the present study. The question-generation tasks were presented in a block design. The BOLD signals of the biologists' brain were measured by 3.0T fMRI system and data were analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). According to our results, the left inferior and middle frontal gyri, the medial prefrontal cortex, the bilateral hippocampus, the occipito-parietal route, the fusiform gyrus, and the cerebellum were activated significantly during the generation of scientific questions. Therefore, we suggested that generating scientific question is associated with analyzing observed situations, using verbal strategy, retrieving episodic memories for comparisons, and feeling cognitive conflicts.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.17-27
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• 2003

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates cortical excitability beyond the duration of the rTMS trains themselves. Depending on rTMS parameters, a lasting inhibition or facilitation of cortical excitability can be induced. Therefore, rTMS of high or low frequency over motor cortex may change certain aspects of motor learning performance and cortical activation. This study investigated the effect of high and low frequency subthreshold rTMS applied to the motor cortex on motor learning of sequential finger movements and brain activation using functional MRI (fMRI). Three healthy right-handed subjects (mean age 23.3) were enrolled. All subjects were trained with sequences of seven-digit rapid sequential finger movements, 30 minutes per day for 5 consecutive days using their left hand. 10 Hz (high frequency) and 1 Hz (low frequency) trains of rTMS with 80% of resting motor threshold and sham stimulation were applied for each subject during the period of motor learning. rTMS was delivered on the scalp over the right primary motor cortex using a figure-eight shaped coil and a Rapid(R) stimulator with two Booster Modules (Magstim Co. Ltd, UK). Functional MRI (fMRI) was performed on a 3T ISOL Forte scanner before and after training in all subjects (35 slices per one brain volume TR/TE = 3000/30 ms, Flip angle $60^{\circ}$, FOV 220 mm, $64{\times}64$ matrix, slice thickness 4 mm). Response time (RT) and target scores (TS) of sequential finger movements were monitored during the training period and fMRl scanning. All subjects showed decreased RT and increased TS which reflecting learning effects over the training session. The subject who received high frequency rTMS showed better performance in TS and RT than those of the subjects with low frequency or sham stimulation of rTMS. In fMRI, the subject who received high frequency rTMS showed increased activation of primary motor cortex, premotor, and medial cerebellar areas after the motor sequence learning after the training, but the subject with low frequency rTMS showed decreased activation in above areas. High frequency subthreshold rTMS on the motor cortex may facilitate the excitability of motor cortex and improve the performance of motor sequence learning in normal subject.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.487-497
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate how a teaching approach influences student's ability of classification at the brain level. Twenty four healthy and right-handed college students participated in this study, which investigated a brain plasticity associated with category-generation and -understanding in classification learning. The participants were divided into one of two groups, one each for category-generation and -understanding learning programs, which were composed of twelve topics taught over a twelve-week period. To measure the change in student competence and brain activations, a paper and pencil test and an fMRI scanning session were administered before and after the training programs. Unlike the understanding group, the generation group showed significant changes in classification ability quotients and learning-related brain activations (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia were increased and prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus were decreased). Nevertheless, the understanding group showed an increased activation in the cerebral cortex and parahippocampal gyrus and a decreased activation in the right prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. Therefore, it can be concluded that teaching styles could influence students' brain activation patterns and classification ability. The results might also be used to develop a brain-compatible science education curriculum.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.395-405
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• 2014

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate 1) somatotopic arrangement of the second and third fingers in SI area 2) difference of neural activation in the SI area produced by stimulation with different frequencies 3) correlation between the intensity of tactile perception by different stimulus intensity and the level of brain activation measurable by means of fMRI. Background: Somatosensory cortex can obtain the information of environmental stimuli about "where" (e.g., on the left palm), "what" (e.g., a book or a dog), and "how" (e.g., scrub gently or scrub roughly) to organism. However, compared to visual sense, the neural mechanism underlying the processing of specific electrotactile stimulus is still unknown. Method: 10 right-handed subjects participated in this study. Non-painful electrotactile stimuli were delivered to two different finger tips of right hand. Functional brain images were collected from 3.0T MRI using the single-shot EPI method. The scanning parameters were as follows: TR and TE were 3000, 35ms, respectively, flip angle 60, FOV $24{\times}24cm$, matrix size $64{\times}64$, slice thickness 4mm (no gap). SPM5 was used to analyze the fMRI data. Results: Significant activations produced by the stimulation were found in the SI, SII, the subcentral gyrus, the precentral gyrus, and the insula. In all participants, statistically significant activation was observed in the contralateral SI area and the bilateral SII areas by the stimulation on the fingers but ipsilaterally dominant. The SI area representing the second finger generally located in the more lateral and inferior side than that of the third finger across all the subjects. But no difference in brain area was found for the stimulation of the fingers by different frequencies. And two typical patterns were observed on the relationship between the perceived psychological intensity and the amount of voxels in the primary sensory cortex during the stimulation. Conclusion: It was possible to discriminate the representation sites in the SI by electrotactile stimulation of digit2 and digit3. But we could not find the differences of the brain areas according to different stimulation frequencies from 3 to 300Hz. Application: The results of the study can provide a deeper understanding of somatosensory cortex and offer the information for tactile display for blinds.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.96-107
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• 2014

Objectives The purpose of this study is to understand what caregivers think advantageous and disadvantageous regarding Acupoint sticking Dog-days. Also, to know whether Acupoint sticking in Dog-days affect vital signs, and to investigate if occurrence of side effects are related to application duration, sweat, or compliance to precautionary measures. Methods Survey has been handed out to parents of the children who took Acupoint sticking in Dog-days. 10 days after the first dose was administered, survey was performed to examine any side effect occurrences, characteristics of sweat, duration of application, parents' thought about this therapy. Also, vital signs were checked before the first dose, and 10 days after to see any differences in vital signs in regards to this therapy. Results Preferable opinions about Acupoint sticking in Dog-days are 'convenient than herbal medications' (76.5%), 'less reluctance of child' (47.1%), 'reasonable price' (20.6%), 'good effectiveness' (17.6%), 'less side effect' (14.7%), 'no worry about agrochemicals or heavy metals uptake' (11.8%). Downsides were 'difficult to admit to hospital right on the Dog-days' (73.5%), 'no conspicuous effectiveness' (11.8%), 'expensive' (5.9%), 'reluctance of child' (2.9%). Vital sign differences were minimal when examined before and after Acupoint sticking in Dog-days. Side effects occurred 5 times in 34 cases, and they were erythema, itchiness, and hot sensation. There were no scars or blisters reported. All 5 cases were resolved without any interventions within 3 days. Conclusions Acupoint sticking in Dog-days doesn't affect vital signs. Severe side effect is rare, reported side effects were relatively mild, suggesting that it may be safe and well-tolerated. 'Convenience' (76.5%) is biggest advantage of Acupoint sticking in Dog-days and 'less reluctance of child' is also big advantage of Acupoint sticking in Dog-days. 'Difficulty to admit to hospital right on the Dog-days' (73.5%) is biggest disadvantage of Acupoint sticking in Dog-days.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.415-422
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences of nonlinear characteristics of electroencephalogram (EEG) depending on different sensitivities of behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) of young and elderly groups. The EEGs from Fpl and Fp2 electrodes were recorded during resting condition. The young and elderly groups consisted of 19 and 31 healthy right-handed volunteers, respectively. We estimated 1/f scaling exponent which reflects the nonlinear dynamical complexity of EEG. As results, we found the differences of 1/f scaling exponent between young ant elderly BAS sensitive groups. The 1/f scaling exponent of young BAS sensitive group showed significantly higher values than those of elderly BAS sensitive group at the left prefrontal area (Fpl). The young BAS sensitive group had also a tendency to higher 1/f scaling exponent at the right prefrontal area (Fp2). Decrease of the 1/f scaling exponent indicates the increase of complexity and the decrease of the amount of information related to the statistical distribution. Therefore, the elderly BAS sensitive group has higher complexity than young BAS sensitive group, though they were all classified as BAS sensitive group by BAS/BIS scale. Our results suggest the possibility of correlation between BAS sensitivity an4 age.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-117
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• 2023

Among the healthcare-related judgments handed down in 2002, there was a significant ruling on the timing of the duty of explanation, stating that, in order to ensure the exercise of the patient's right to self-determination, the patient must be given time to consider and decide on the risks and side effects of a medical procedure in specific circumstances. In addition, in a case where an insurance company claimed unjust enrichment against a medical institution on behalf of its insureds, the court provided a clear standard by distinguishing between active and passive requirements regarding the need to preserve the right of subrogation of creditors. In the area of medical administration, there was a ruling that clarified that a medical institution's business suspension under the National Health Insurance Act is directed against the medical institution, a ruling that broadly recognized causation in a case of compensation for side effects of corona vaccination, and a ruling on the scope of a medical practitioner's license, such as the use of ultrasound devices by an oriental medicine practitioner. In a case involving a patient's claim for eviction from a medical institution, the court reviewed a ruling on just cause for termination of a hospitalization contract in relation to Article 15(1) of the Medical law.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.238-249
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• 1998

Purpose: To localize and compare the neural basis of verbal and visual human working memory, we performed functional activation study using $H_2^{15}O$ PET. Materials and Methods: Repeated $H_2^{15}O$ PET scans with one control and three different activation tasks were performed on six right-handed normal volunteers. Each activation task was composed of 13 match-ing trials. On each trial, four targets, a fixation dot and a probe were presented sequentially and subject's task was to press a response button to indicate whether or not the probe was one of the previous targets. Short meaningful Korean words, simple drawings and monochromic pictures of human faces were used as matching objects for verbal or visual memory. All the images were spatially normalized and the differences between control and activation states were statistically analyzed using SPM96. Results: Statistical analysis of verbal memory activation with short words showed activation in the left Broca's area, promoter cortex, cerebellum and right cingulate gyrus. In verbal memory with simple drawings, activation was shown in the larger regions including where activated with short words and left superior temporal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, anterior portion of right superior temporal gyrus and right infero-lateral frontal cortex. On the other hand, the visual memory task activated predominantly right-sided structures, especially inferior frontal cortex, supplementary motor cortex and superior parietal cortex. Conclusion: The results are consistent with the hypothesis of the laterality and dissociation of the verbal and visual working memory from the invasive electrophysiological studies and emphasize the pivotal role of frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus in working memory system.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.280-290
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• 2007

Purpose: Gender differences in personality are considered to have biological bases. In an attempt to understand the gender differences of personality on neurobiological bases, we conducted correlation analyses between regional brain glucose metabolism and temperament factors of personality in males and females. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six healthy right-handed volunteers (18 males, 33.8$\pm$17.6 y; 18 females, 36.2$\pm$20.4 y) underwent FDG PET at resting state. Three temperament factors of personality (novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD)) were assessed using Cloninger's 240-item Temperament and Character Inventory (TCD within 10 days of FOG PET scan. Correlation between regional glucose metabolism and each temperament factor was tested using SPM2. Results: In males, a significant negative correlation between NS score and glucose metabolism was observed in the bilateral superior temporal gyri, the hippocampus and the insula, while it was found in the bilateral middle frontal gyri, the right superior temporal gyrus and the left cingulate cortex and the putamen in females. A positive HA correlation was found in the right midbrain and the left cingulate gyrus in males, but in the bilateral basal ganglia in females. A negative RD correlation was observed in the right middle frontal and the left middle temporal gyri in males, while the correlation was found in the bilateral middle frontal gyri and the right basal ganglia and the superior temporal gyrus in females. Conclusion: These data demonstrate different cortical and subcortical metabolic correlates of temperament factors of personality between males and females. These results may help understand biological substrate of gender differences in personality and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric illnesses.