• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.850-860
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• 1996

Oxygen free radicals and their metabolites have been implicated as possible causes of reperrusion injury In animal models. Their role in the clinical setting is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of tissue damage, oxidative stress. and changes in the antioxidant enzyme system in patients undergoing cor nary artery bypass graft operations(CABG) with myocardial protection by cold blood cardioplegia. In patients undergoing CABG(n:10). the levels of lactate dehydrogenate(LDH), creatine phosphokinase MB fraction(CK-MB), and malondialdehyde(M DA) were measured In the coronary sinus effluent before aortic cross clamping and 20 minutes after reperfusion. At the same time, the myocardial tissue activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD). catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxiddse(GSHPX), glutathione reductase (GSSGRd), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenate(GfPDH ) were determined in the right atrial auricle excised before aortic cross clamping and in the left atrial auricle excised 20 minutes after reperfuslon. The levels of increased significantly after reperrusion(p< U.05). There were no significant changes in CAT and CfPDH levels. Western blot analysis was performed to study the induction of antioxidant enzyme and demonstrated increased amount of Cu,Zn-SOD.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

Because colostrum is considered to be the sole source of passively acquired maternal antibodies for calves, newborn calves must consume colostrum to gain disease resistance during their early years of life. Storage of surplus colostrum from dairy cows right after calving and feeding newborn calves in deficiency of colostrum to assure adequate uptake of IgG for protection of the calf has been a common practice in the bovine production. In the current study, 35 colostrums were randomly collected from 3 colostrum banks located in different regions of Korea and monitored for general bacterial contamination and major bovine pathogens. Immunoglobulin concentrations and BVDV-specific antibodies were also determined to evaluate the immune quality of the colostrums. Moderate to severe bacterial contamination (up to 72,000,000 CFU/ml) was observed in most of the colostrums collected from colostrum banks. General immune quality of the colostrums was under the satisfactory level since most of the colostrums contained less than 50 g/L of IgG, which is the minimum concentration for good quality colostrums. Therefore, colostrum for colostrum bank should be collected at the first 2-3 post-partum milkings according to proper harvesting and handling procedures to guarantee the safety and quality of colostrum. In addition, it was recommended that colostrum should be heat-treated before frozen and stored in the bank because pasteurization at $63^{\circ}C$ for 30 min was very effective reducing the risk of disease transmission without causing significant degradation of immunoglobulins.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2018

Recently, it has been a big issue to distinguish the dried roots of Cynanchum wilfordii and C. auriculatum in health functional food market. The original plant species of Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix belong to the Asclepiadaceae family is differentially described in the national pharmacopoeia of Korea, China and Japan. Owing to the morphological similarities of the dried roots of this plant to those of C. auriculatum, which is often misidentified in Korean herbal medicine marketplace, distinguishing these two species is exceedingly difficult. The purpose of this study was to compare the conventional-PCR with the real-time PCR for detection of C. wilfordii and C. auriculatum DNA. We also tried to realize a quantitative real-time PCR assay using species-specific matK primers, which allowed us to estimate the ratio of C. willfordii and C. auriculatum using varying ratios of mixed genomic DNA template from the two species. The differentiation of intentional and unintentional mixture in this study would be applied to food safety management and can be helpful for protection of consumer's right and cultivators.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.674-684
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• 1991

The surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot [TOF] was initiated by Blalock and Taussig in 1945 with the establishment of the subclavian artery to pulmonary artery anastomosis. In an imaginative and daring effort, in 1954, Lillehei and collaborators [1955] using controlled cross-circulation, carried out the first intracardiac repair of TOF by closing the ventricular septal defect [VSD] and relieving the pulmonary stenosis under direct vision. Nowadays, total correction is the ideal operation for treatment of TOF and is accomplished with extracorporeal circulation. And the results of surgery for TOF have steadily improved over the years, thanks to important contributions of many surgeons. Nevertheless because of its protean physiologic and anatomic presentation, TOF continues to offer challenges to cardiologist and cardiac surgeons. Thirty two cases of TOF have undergone total corrective surgery using extracorporeal circulation in the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University, from Oct. 1985 to Feb. 1990. Clinical considerations were applied to these cases and the results were obtained as follows. 1. The heart lung machine used for extracorporeal circulation was SarnsO 7000, 5-head roller pump, and the number and type of oxygenators were 10 of bubble type and 22 of membrane type. The mean bypass time was 148.9 minutes and the mean aortic cross clamp time was 123.8 minutes. The GIK [glucose-insulin-potassium] solution was used as cardioplegic solution for myocardial protection during operation. 2. 20 cases were male and 12 were female, the mean age was 8 years old and the mean body weight was 25Kg. 3. The preoperative symptoms were cyanosis [29 cases], squatting [27 cases] and etc. The mean values of preoperative Hb., Hct., and SaO2 were 16.5 gm /dl, 50.3%, and 78.5%. 4. Combined anomalies were noticed in 16 cases [50%]. Among them 10 cases were PFO and 6 cases were ASD. 5. The degree of aorta overriding were 25% in 5 cases, 25 ~ 50% in 22 cases and above 50% in 5 cases. The dPA/Ao [ratio of diameter of pulmonary artery trunk to ascending aorta] were below 25% in 5 cases, 25 ~ 50% in 10 cases, 50 ~ 70% in 6 cases and above 75% in 11 cases. 6. The types of RVOT [right ventricular outflow tract] stenosis were valvular and infundibular in 14 cases [43.6%], diffuse hypoplastic type in 12 cases [37.5%], infundibular in 5 cases, and valvular and supravalvular in 1 case. 7. One stage radical corrective surgery was applied to the all cases. In widening of the RVOT, 3 types of patches were used: MVOP [monocusp ventricular outflow patch, Polystan BioprosthesesO] in 3 cases, knitted Dacron vessel patches in 2 cases, and double layer with bovine pericardium and woven Dacron prosthesis in 26 cases. 8. Postoperative complications were occurred in 15 cases. Among them, low output syndrome were occurred in 10 cases [31.3%] and 2 of them were expired postoperatively.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.373-401
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• 2015

The UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Drone) technology has been undergoing rapid progress, accompanied with a growth in the market. However, domestic industry standards and technology lag behind such progress happening on the international scene, and in particular in developed countries. Related regulations are also deemed lacking to address the issues that arise with such developments. Meanwhile, as the rise of UAV technology is a fairly recent phenomenon, the gap between Korea and developed countries is not too big. As this technology has high relevance to information and communication technologies, it also offers ample leeway for Korea to catch up in the field of UAV. As such, this paper seeks to provide a survey of the overall technology, market and regulations concerning UAV to identify possible measures on how to address any issues that may arise through proper policies. Due to the progress made in the field of UAV technology and increased penetration rate, striking a right balance between putting in place a proper regulatory system and establishing policies that foster growth in the field has risen as a very important issue. While the importance of establishing a legal system that helps prevent possible risks is indeed important, it must also be acknowledged that excessive regulation can also hinder technological progress. This, in turn would stagnate the market and dampen the entrepreneurial spirit in the society. In the case of new, practical technologies such as UAV, a prompt establishment of regulatory systems and policy measures in terms of policies is a requisite. In brief, in order to promote progress in the UAV industry and at the same time, for public safety and the protection of privacy, there should be an appropriate level on the easing and tightening of the regulation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.236-246
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• 2014

Most countries have been promoted the legislative policy for the legal employment, causing a social conflicts by illegal immigrants in any countries. Despite the efforts to alleviate the illegal aliens, there are not nearly enough successful cases, and encounter a social problem about illegal stay worker. China is no exception. At present, the issue of China's foreign illegal employment is expected to be a social problem in the present and the future. However, the legislative policy against immigration control law and illegal foreign employment in China is very neglectful. There is a lack of adjusting rule of law on illegal foreign workers in China, and the remedy is also insufficient. It is necessary to secure a legal right for the protection of the Rights of illegal foreign workers based on the international norms. For this purpose, the illegal foreign workers related law should be enacted, and based on this, administration should be strengthened. The trend of major countries of illegal aliens is centered around an employer hiring strictly regulated. There is a need to have a strengthen regulation on the employer rather than the foreign workers in China. To this end, employer who hire illegal foreign workers should be required to receive considerable disadvantages such as penalties and fines, prison sentences, as well as various kinds of burdens and repatriation costs. It is necessary to run the voluntary repatriation(Freiwillige $R\ddot{u}ckehr$) program of illegal immigrants, and there is a need to take action for illegal immigrants who voluntary return home within a certain period are exempt from penalty. In conclusion, China must push ahead with a direction of positive policy in related ministries rather than sit on its hands on the wrong choice or a confusion of an employer and foreign workers with a policy on illegal foreign residents in limbo.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.47-70
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• 2007

The criminal procedure is based upon two ideal values, or 'speedy trial and economy of litigation' and 'finding truth and guarantee of human rights', which are conflicting each other. The so called summary trial system, a simplified procedure through which a judge handles clearly obvious and minor offences in a quick and efficient manner, has its essential purpose of termination lawsuits promptly and freeing suspects or defendants from criminal procedure at the earliest possible moment. But its excessive emphasis on this purport is very likely to result in insufficient examination and inadequate protection of suspects' or defendants' rights. Therefore, the summary trial system needs a variety of safeguards to prevent these feasible - but undesirable - effects. From this point of view, we should objectively review the current summary trial system. The main object of this study is to investigate what problems the system has both in institution and in practice, and to suggest legal measures, including the abolition of it, to improve the simplified procedure. In conclusion, the summary trial system should be maintained because it has still more merits than faults. And these defects will be able to be overcome by reform measures ; for example, the introduction of the right to opt between the summary procedure and the formal trial, the abolition of detention and so on.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 2014

Recently, many accidents occur frequently because sprinklers aren't installed or don't work right when there are outbreak of fire in houses and aggregate buildings. Therefore, they can result in damage for humans and loss of property. Sprinklers are the most appropriate which can extinguish buildings' fire in the initial stages. Through lack of legal system, in domestic cases, sprinklers cannot operate their inherent performance. Domestic standard simply classifies installation objects according to types of business and forms of buildings, also divides into uses and floors of buildings. Especially it only regulates that sprinklers must be installed every floors in particular fire buildings that have more than eleven floors. While it doesn't need to install sprinklers below ten floors, so we are threatened the safety. In this study, we derived causes and implications by analyzing concepts of sprinklers facilities, installation standards in domestic and foreign legal system, and recent cases that expanded damages in fire accidents because of weak point of installation and control standards. In domestic cases, as a result, government has to provide an institutional strategy and law that regulate duty to install sprinklers to all aggregate buildings regardless of floors in terms of new buildings. Also, if someone who has existing buildings wanted to install them, government would guarantee subsidy to encourage installation. In addition, government supervises fire-fighting activities when there are fire by compensating standards about regular inspection by a qualified technician, operation and maintenance of sprinklers as well as reinforcement of administrative criteria.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.573-600
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• 2009

Currently, the Free Trade Agreement(FTA) promoting regionalism or bilateralism has been increasingly concluded, which is against multilateralism of the WTO. The adoption of the TRS under the FTA carries various issues from the rationale of its existence to its contents. To explain these contradictory issues between the WTO and the FTA, this paper studied on the TRS by analyzing present cases and negotiation results of the TRS under the FTA and comparing them under the WTO. The TRS under the WTO agreement is limited only to antidumping, countervailing duties and safeguard as the agreed concept. When the negotiations of the FTA are on the process, it is necessary to adopt the TRS depending on the negotiating party countries of the FTA after considering fully the economic situations of Korea and the need of protection for the domestic industries. Currently, Korea has entered into the FTA with several countries and most of the agreements with respect to the TRS maintain and observe the right and duty in the WTO agreement and when necessary, in some of the FTA agreements, they have changed parts of the TRS. Consequently, it is needed to establish the basis for application of the TRS. Also, additional application of the SSG provision to some sensitive goods is highly recommended.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 1993

This study was designed to identify the general health conditions and high risk factors of the male & female environmental workers. Thereby. the results of this study were to provide useful data as a contribution to knowledge for health protection and promotion. The data used for this study were environmental workers' physical examination cards; the male environmental workers were 52 persons. and the female environmental workers 52 persons. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation, and distinction analysis, using the SPSS program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. Thers was a significant statistical difference between the two groups as to height. eyesight. serum GPT, hematocrit. The variables having little difference between two groups were weight. systolic blood pressure. total cholesterol. creatinine. 2. The rate of revealed in significant health examination was extra-health discrimination rate $28.8\%$, significant result of illness rate $12.5\%$. injury-inflicting rate $7\%$. second-time urine test $5.7\%$. antigen positive 3.8%. hearing impairment $2.8\%$, urine protein positive $1.9\%$. and urine sugar positive $1.9%$. 3. The workers diagnosed as extra-health discrimination were 30 persons or $28.8\%$. There was a difference between two groups on the prevalence. In the male environmental workers. ten times live problems and six times pulmonary tuberculosis and three times circulatory problems were revealed the higher than thoes of the female environmental workers. 4. In the male environmental workers, the relationship between age and systolic blood pressure revealed a significant correlation (r=0.22. p<0.05). In the female environmental workers. there was a negative correlation between age and weight (r= 0.25, p<0.05). the relationship between age and total cholesterol correlated positively (r=0.30, p<'0.05). 5. In the male environmental workers, there was a negative correlation between working career and creatinine(r=-0. 22, p<0.05) In the female environmental workers, there was a positive correlation between working career and total cholesterol (r= 0.58, p<0.01). 6. There were significant differences on working career and creatinine accdording to the male and female environmental workers who had any problems through x-ray inspection. 7. There were significant differences on height. eyesight. serum GPT according to the male and female environmental workers who were diagnosed as extra-health discrimination. 8. The female environmental workers who were diagnosed as 'care' were positively correlated with weight (r= 0.26. p<0.05)' and systolic blood pressure (r= 0.30. p<0. 05). on the other hand. the left and right eyesight correlated nagatively(r=-0.15. r=-0.33. p<0.01). 9. The most influential variables on the male and female environmental workers' health condition were working career, height. and weight. And these three variables could help determine the two groups at the level of 81. 8 percentage.