• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.224-228
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• 1996

This paper is intended as a study on how an utterance is divided into rhythmic units in Standard Korean with respect to its syntactic structure. With respect to the data in this study I used 150 sentences which contained similar number of words and various syntactic structures. Those sentences were read by 7 speakers of Seoul dialect in a conversation style. Each sentence was read twice in a normal speed and twice in a fast speed. As a total, 4200 sentences were recorded. Then listening to them, the author marked the sentences with two kinds of boundaries i.e. strong and weak. To explore the relationship between rhythmic units and syntactic structure I devised a framework of grammatical symbols. Each symbol is designed to have both syntactic and morphological information at the same time. So I assigned those grammatical symbols to the sentences. Having sentences marked with grammatical symbols on the one hand, and with the rhythmic boundaries on the other hand, 1 could show the relationship between rhythmic units and syntactic structure; which syntactic structures are likely to be pronounced as one rhythmic unit, and which are on the rhythmic boundaries.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.90-110
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• 1992

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the intonation features of the last two syllables of rhythmic units, with the exception of the sentence final unit, in the Seoul dialect of Korean. The Model 5500 Sona-graph was used to measure the pitch and duration of the target syllables. There are two classes of materials. One class was designed to determine the intonation of rhythmic units in a natural situation and the other to investigate the intonation of rhythmic units in an artificial situation, in which speakers were asked to read the materials pausing only at the marked boundaries, with a view to identifying the intonation of Seoul dialect more clearly. The findings of this investigation are as follows: (1) Korean averages an 11% rising intonation between the two syllables at the end of a rhythmic unit. (2) The rising rate between the final two syllables' pitch values at the subject rhythmic unit is generally higher than those at other units in a sentence and it seems to be meaningful syntactically. (3) Before a boundary the rhythmic units undergo 'pre-lowering', in which the pitch gradually lowers from the first syllable to the penultimate. (4) Every syllable in each rhythmic unit tends to lengthen when speakers read the materials with a pause between units and the tendency is most salient at the final syllable before a boundary.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2018

Objective: This study aimed to create a strategic training method to enhance optimal athletic ability using information from 1H to 10H rhythmic units. Method: Top three world class athletes and three national winners of 110-m hurdle finals from the 2010 Daegu International Athletics Competition and 2017 National Athletics Championship, respectively, were selected. To analyze the kinematic variables, Dartfish 9.0 was used for two-dimensional analysis. Results: Regarding the interval time from the start to the finish line, the national athletes took less time during the pure acceleration phase (start to 1H) than the foreign athletes. The horizontal velocity increase was slower after 1H; the national athletes showed a lack of ability to accelerate at the interval phases. Moreover, the hurdle clearance time between phases was longer in the national athletes than in the foreign athletes and lacked consistency. Conclusion: The national athletes lacked the ability to accelerate at the transition, maximum rhythm, rhythm maintenance, and re-acceleration phases and showed a longer hurdle clearance time. If technical improvements and strategic training methods using rhythmic units are applied for hurdling motions, the national athlete's hurdling abilities, performance, and consistency could improve.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.27-40
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• 2000

The goal of quantitative linguistics is to show the quantitative behavior of linguistic units. There are several studies which examine the frequency of Korean phonemes, which are important in comprehending the internal function of the linguistic units. However, the frequency information, from the pure phonological level without any consideration of rhythmic group, cannot adequately represent linguistic phenomena. Therefore, to provide the effective information, the phonological transcription must be carried out on the level of rhythmic group. In this paper, we made the transcription to analyze Korean phonology. We were not satisfied with merely investigating the frequencies of the phonemes, but also examined whether the distribution of Korean phonemes show the binomial distribution within linguistic constraints.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제25_26호
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• pp.52-64
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• 1993

This paper aims to explore the rhythmic phenomena of standard Korean by an experimental phonetic method. A total of 16 informants taking part in this experiment were divided into four groups : old males(OM) and old females(OF) in their fifties and young males(YM) and young females(YF) in their twenties. The informants were asked to read speech data consisting of two rhythmic units, each of which began with a stressed syllable with a long wowel. Starting with the frame / 'ma:1 'ma:nta /, the first rhythmic unit was expanded up to five syllables in all while keeping the second rhythmic unit constant with a view to investigate the pattern of increase in the interstress time interval. The results of this study are as follows: 1. There is a considerable difference between yen and old generations with respect to the duration of interstress interval . The young generation tends to speak faster than the old generation. This observation is supported by difference in the interstress intervals as exhibited by OM(389.66), OF(473), YM(275.55), YF(285.83) in the test frame '말 많다' ['ma:1 'ma:nta]. 2. Young and old generations showed a different tendency in the increase rate of duration between mono-syllables and polysyllables. In other words, the rhythm of young generation shows the tendency of syllable-timed language whereas that of old generation clearly leans towards the stressed-timed language.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2000년도 7월 학술대회지
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• pp.117-134
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• 2000

Kim, Key-Seop(2000). English Restructuring and A Use of Music in Teaching English Pronunciation. JSEP 2000 voU This study has two-fold aims: one is to clarify the restructuring of English in utterance, and the other is to relate it to teaching English pronunciation for listening and speaking with a use of music and song by suggesting a model of 10-15 minute pronunciation class syllabus for every period in class. Generally, English utterances are restructured by stress-timed rhythm, irrespective of syntactic boundaries. So the rhythmic units are arranged in isochronous groups, of which the making is to attach clitic(s) to a host or head often leftwards and sometimes rightwards, which results in linking, contraction, reduction, sound change and rhythm adjustment in utterance, just as in music and song. With English restructuring focused on, a model of English pronunciation class syllabus is proposed to be put forward in class for every period of a lesson or unit. It tries to relate the focused factor(s) in pronunciation to the integrated, with teaching techniques and music made use of.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.185-200
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• 2002

The current study confirmed the existence of an ip prosodic level in French intonation structure, as previously proposed by Sun-Ah Jun & $C\acute{e}cile$cile Fougeron (2000). However, in contrast to the previous suggestion of the plateau realized in an ip in several syntactic structures, the current study supposed that the plateau doesn't come from the different type of syntactic structures but arise from the unspecified syllables without any PA in an ip. Because if we limited ip phrasal tone to the syntactic structure, it would be difficult to find the more general reasons of ip level. Besides /Hi/ and /$H^*$/ we also used /$Hi^*$/ for the focused syllable in the current study. In emphasized sentences, in general, /$Hi^*$/ appeared in the first or second syllable of a leftward AP in an ip and /$H^*$/ in the final syllable of a rightmost AP of an ip, In contrast to these PAs, /$Hi^*$/ might appear in any syllable in an ip, but not to far from /$H^*$/ because the duration time and length t of plateau realized between /$Hi^*$/ and /$H^*$/ or /Hi/ and /$H^*$/ would make an essential harmonious rhythmic unit, Therefore, the current study determined the duration time and the number of syllables realized in each plateau in an ip level composed of more than one AP. As a phrase constituent structure, there is a practical need for intermediate prosodic units to allow for generalization over the many possible combinations of prosodic patterns that can occur. Further evidence is still needed to analyze and relate the different pitch ranges of the plateau of an ip according to the syntactic structure, to identify the considerable character in the French prosodic hierarchy.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.32-42
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• 2002

한국 서해 천수만 조간대 퇴적체는 약 20m 두께에 달하며, 지난 빙하기동안 노출되어 형성된 부정합면을 경계로 상위의 현세 조간대 퇴적층(Unit M1)과 하위의 후기 플라이스토세 간월도층(Unit M2)으로 구성된다. 퇴적단위 M1은 간월도층을 하부층으로하는 부정합면 위로 니질의 상부 조간대층과 사니질 또는 니사질의 혼합 조간대층이 순차적으로 발달하는 상향조립화의 해침층서를 갖는다. 퇴적단위 M2 퇴적층은 그 두께가 약 14 m에 이르며, 퇴적후 노출에 의한 풍화의 정도에 따라 상부 산화대층과 하부의 비산화대층으로 구분된다. 전반적으로 퇴적물은 니질 또는 사니질 입자로 구성되며, 조수 리듬 퇴적구조, 플라저층리, 엽층리, 게 구멍 화석, 천해성 와편모조류 등과 같은 조수퇴적 기원의 증거들을 함유하고 있다. 이러한 결과들은 퇴적단위 M2의 간월도 퇴적층이 상대적으로 해수면이 높았던 선현세 간빙기 동안 퇴적된 조간대 퇴적층임을 지시한다. 한편, 퇴적단위 M2의 상부 3${\sim}$4 m는 퇴적 후 초기현세까지 계속되는 저해수면 동안 대기중에 노출되어 풍화 및 산화작용으로 인하여 퇴적물의 특성이 변질된 층으로 해석되며, 이는 서해 연안 퇴적층에서 현세와 선현세를 구분해주는 뚜렷한 층서적 건층으로 제시된다.