• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.224-230
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• 1973

The culture used wheat bran as media for four kind of mold strains such as Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus kawachii, Aspergillus usamii and Rhizopus javanicus to examine which strain could higher the activity of amylase most which is used for alcohol fermentation. It also provided three different kind of wheat bran media containing starch of 47%, 51% and 55% respectively for each strain. For each media it also added three different kind of nitrogen sources; ammonium sulfate, casein, and ammonium sulfate and casein equally mixed. Each nitrogen source added was subordinately differentiated into three different percentages, 2%, 4% and 6% respectively, except the 2% for the ammonium sulfate. The results obtained were summarized as follows (1) The activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$ was highest in the media of starch value 47% of wheat bran with 6% of casein added. (2) The activity of ${\beta}-amylase$ was highest in the media of starch value 51% of wheat bran with 2% of the equal mixture of ammonium sulfate and casein added. (3) The activities of both ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\beta}-amylase$ of Aspergillus usamii were highest in the media of starch value 47% wheat bran with no addition of nitrogen source. (4) Of the four strains examined, the activities of ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\beta}-amylase$ cultured in Rhizopus javanicus were both relatively higher. (5) The activities of ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\beta}-amylase$ of the strains examined became lower as the percentage of starch contents increased except in Rhizopus javanicus.

• Mycobiology
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.278-282
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to find useful fungi with ${\alpha}$-amylase activity from the Korean traditional nuruk for the quality of traditional Korean alcoholic beverage. In this study, 165 samples of traditional nuruk were collected from 170 regions throughout Korea and the fungi were isolated to a total of 384 strains. In order to investigate the effect of microflora on nuruk, ${\alpha}$-amylase activity, saccharogenic power (SP), starch hydrolysis activity and acid producing activity were evaluated. Ten strains were selected by ${\alpha}$-amylase activity, which ranged from 458.47 to 1,202.75 U/g. The size of the discolored zone for the starch hydrolysis activity of each fungus ranged from 0.3 to 2 cm. The SP of the 10 strains ranged from 228.8 to 433.4 SP. Of the 10 stains, three were identified as Aspergillus oryzae, two as Aspergillus flavus, two as Lichtheimia sp., one as Rhizopus oryzae and two as other strains. The total aflatoxins present in the nuruks were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The 10 nuruks had less than 1.11 ppb of aflatoxins.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.135-141
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• 1979

산성(酸性) protease를 생산(生産)하는 Rhiz. oryzae의 효소생산조건(酵素生産條件)과 조효소(粗酵素)의 특성(特性)을 검토(檢討)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 밀기울 배지(培地)에서의 최적(最適) 배양시간(培養時間)은 약(約) 48시간(時間), 최적(最適) 첨수량(添水量)은 $80{\sim}120%$이었다. 2) 밀기울 배지(培地)에 질소원(窒素源)으로서 $(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_{24},\;(NH_4)_2SO_4,\;NH_4NO_3$, casein, albumin의 첨가(添加)는 각각(各各) 효과적(效果的)이었으며 가장 우수(優秀)한 $(NH_4)_6Mo_7$. $O_{24}$와 casein의 최적첨가농도(最適添加濃度)는 각각(各各) 0.1%, 1.0%이었다. 3) 밀기울 배지(培地)에 탄소원(炭素源)으로서 glucose, galactose, maltose, lactose, soluble starch 의 첨가(添加)는 효과적(效果的)이었으며 가장 우수(優秀)한 glucose의 최적첨가농도(最適添加濃度)는 3%이었다. 4) 밀기울 배지(培地)에 인산염(燐酸鹽)으로서 $KH_2PO_4$의 첨가(添加)는 효과적(效果的)이었고 최적첨가농도(最適添加濃度)는 0.3%이었다. 5) 본효소(本酵素)의 작용최적(作用最適) pH는 2.4, 최적온도(最適溫度)는 $40^{\circ}C$부근(附近), 안정(安定) pH범위(範圍)는 $2.0{\sim}5.0$이고, $40^{\circ}C$이하(以下)에서 안정(安定)하였다. 6) 효소활성(酵素活性)은 10분(分)까지는 급격(急激)하게 증가(增加)하지만 그 이후(以後)에는 완만(緩慢)하게 증가(增加)하였다. 7) 효소액(酵素液) 2ml까지는 효소활성(酵素活性)이 급격(急激)하게 증가(增加)하였으나 그 이상(以上)에서는 거의 변화(變化)가 없었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.113-115
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• 2007

A kind of naphthoquinone, plumbagin was purified and identified from the leaves of Nepenthes $ventricosa\;{\times}\;maxima$ through solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography, and recrystallization. The yield (0.51%) was higher than that of the root of Plumbago scandens (0.26%), P. capensis (0.15%), and N. thorelii (0.092%). It exhibited antifungal activity against all plant pathogenic fungi tested, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus stolonifer var. stolonifer and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from about 4.8 to $56.6\;{\mu}g/ml$ against the above eight fungi and R. solani was the most sensitive.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1230-1238
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• 1999

To identify antimicrobial activities of soybean paste, studies have been carried out with laboratory manufactured soybean paste, traditional and improved type soybean paste purchased on the market. The soybean paste fermented with Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus tamari and commercial soybean paste were shown antimicrobial activities for Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphy lococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhimurium. Non fermented soybean paste did not show antimicrobial activities against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. The extract of soybean paste extracted by 80% methanol showed the highest antimicrobial activities of in ethyl acetate fraction and followed butanol fraction, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of traditional and improved type soybean paste were shown against all tested microorganisms and clear zone length of traditional soybean paste was slightly larger than that of improved type. Components of antimicrobial fractions of soybean paste were guessed peptides, 4 hydroxy benzoic acid, benzoic acid by GC MS.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생태학회 2002년도 VIII 세계생태학대회
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• pp.93-100
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• 2002

Dynamics of certain $N_2$fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium, Azospirillum and Azotobactor, nodule number in dominant legume, Atylosia trinervia, P-solubilizing bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were studied in unburned and burned site of natural grassland, southern India. Population of $N_2$- fixing bacteria, P-solubilizing bacteria, fungi and nodule number in legume increased significantly in burned sites. On the other hand, the actinomycetes population remained unchanged. Thirty six species of fungi with tricalcium phosphate solubilizing ability were recorded. The most efficient P-solubilizing fungi recognised in the soils of the study sites are Absidia ramosa, Gongronella butlerii, Mortieralla spinosa, Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus nigricans, R. stolonifer, R. oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger Theilavia terricola and Cheatomium lunasporium.

• Mycobiology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.210-214
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• 2005

More than 120 isolates of lactic acid bacteria obtained from Kimchi was screened for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. Approximately 10% of the isolates showed inhibitory activity and only 4.16% (five isolates) exhibited strong activity against the indicator fungus A. fumigatus. The five isolates showed a wide rang of antifungal activity against A. flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium commune, and Rhizopus oryzae. They were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as Lactobacillus cruvatus, L. lactis subsp. lactis, L. casei, L. pentosus, and L. sakei. The effect of Lactobacillus on mycelial growth and fungal biomass as well as its ability to produce toxic compounds were determined. The results indicate that the three species, Lactobacillus casei, L. lactis subsp. lactis, and L. pentosus, are active against A. fumigatus.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.650-654
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• 2007

In our previous work, a method of pretreating lipase was developed to prevent loss of its activity during covalent immobilization. In this study, Rhizopus oryzae lipase was pretreated before immobilization and then immobilized on a silica gel surface. The effects of the various materials and conditions used in the pretreatment stage on the activity of immobilized lipase were investigated. Immobilized lipase pretreated with 0.1% of soybean oil had better activity than those pretreated with other materials. The optimal temperature, agitation speed, and pretreating time for lipase pretreatment were determined to be $40^{\circ}C$, 200rpm, and 45min, respectively. The activity of immobilized soybean oil pretreated lipase was 630U/g matrix, which is 20 times higher than that of immobilized non-pretreated lipase. In addition, immobilized lipase activity was maintained at levels exceeding 90% of its original activity after 10 reuses.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2002

Dynamics of certain $N_2$ fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium, Azospirillum and Azotobactor, nodule number in dominant legume, Atylosia trinervia, P-solubilizing bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were studied in unburned and burned site of natural grassland, southern India. Population of $N_2$ - fixing bacteria, P-solubilizing bacteria, fungi and nodule number in legume increased significantly in burned sites. On the other hand, the actino-mycetes population remained unchanged. Thirty six species of fungi with tricalcium phosphate solubilizing ability were recorded. The most efficient P-solubilizing fungi recognised in the soils of the study sites are Absidia ramosa, Gongronella butlerii, Mortieralla spinosa, Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus nigricans, R. stolonifer, R. oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger, Theilavia terricola and Cheatomium lunasporium.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.262-266
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• 2009

기능성 음료의 저장성을 향상시키고자, 7종류의 천연항균물질($\varepsilon$-Polylysine, 유카추출물, TLS(Vitamin $B_1$ 유도체), BMB-FS(황금추출물), 키토올리고당, KDSP 001, KDSP 002) 곰팡이 성장저해활성을 비교 평가하였다. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrimum, Rhizopus oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, Mucor rouxii, 5 종류의 곰팡이를 상대로 활성을 살펴보았으며, 성장저해활성이 가장 뛰어난 물질의 최소저해농도를 조사하였다. 모든 곰팡이에 대하여 성장 저해활성을 보인 물질은 vitamin $B_1$, 유도체인 TLS 이었으며, 100 ppm 이상의 농도에서는 균사체가 성장하지 못하였다. 황금추출 물 BMB-FS의 경우 F. moniliforme을 상대로 100 ppm이상의 모든 농도에서 성장저해활성을 보였으며 P. citrinum와 M. rouxii의 경우 1,000 ppm이상의 농도가 되어야 균체 성장을 저해하는 것으로 나타났다. 가장 뛰어난 활성을 보여준 TLS의 최소저해농도(MIC)는 A. niger를 제외한 4가지 곰팡이에 대하여 60ppm으로 나타났으며, A. niger에 대한 MIC는 100ppm으로 분석되었다. 이 같은 결과는 기능성 음료의 저장기간을 연장시키는데 중요한 정보를 제공하며, 천연보존료 연구에 도움이 될 것이라 생각된다.