• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2008

Objectives : This study is to evaluate Effect of Hong Hua Za acupuncture anti-inflammatory on rheumatoid arthritis that caused by Lipopolysaccharide in mouse. Methods : Hong Hua Za(Carthami Tinctorii Fructus) acupuncture(HA) was prepared and tested for therapeutic potential of rheumatoid arthritis, by measuring the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, nitric oxide(NO) production in vitro experiment, by measuring Tumpr Necrosis Factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$) & Nuclear Factor kappa B(NF-$\kappa$B) p65 activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice. Results : HA showed therapeutic effects on Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced rheumatoid arthritis. HA inhibited iNOS mRNA and NO in RAW264.7cell of LPS-induced rheumatoid arthritis in a dose dependent manner. HA also showed significant inhibition of TNF-$\alpha$ & NF-$\kappa$B p65, activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice. Conclusions : These results suggest that HA has an therapeutic effects on LPS induced-rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting TNF-$\alpha$ activation.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.1333-1346
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• 2000

This study is a methodical research to develop a health behavior assessment scale for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The research procedure was as follows; 1) The first step was to develop conceptual framework based on a comprehensive review of the literature, in-depth interviews patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This conceptual framework was organized in eight dimensions; pain management, exercise, rest, diet control, active committment, self-management, positive thinking, interpersonal maintenance. Initially 56 items were selected from 164 statement. 2) These items were reviewed by panel of eight specialists and the Index of Content validity (CVI) was calculated, and forty six items were selected which met more than 70% on the CVI. 3) 174 rheumatoid arthritis pateints were interviewed, and data was gathered from Jan. 25 to Feb. 18, 1999 for test reliabilities and validities of the scale. The item analysis was carried out and 40 items were selected. Factor analysis by varimax rotation was carried out to test construct validity. The internal consistency by chronbach's $\alpha$ was calculated. The findings were as follows; 1) Item analysis and factor analysis were carried out to test the validity of the health behavior assessment scale. The item analysis was based on the corrected item`s to total correlation coefficient (.30 or more), and information about the alpha estimate. However, this was only if this item was deleted from the scale. As a result of the item analysis, forty items were selected. Thirty items were selected by a initial factor analysis by varimax rotation, and ten items were deleted because of factor complexity. In the secondary factor analysis, eight factors were labled as 'positive thinking', 'exercise', 'rest', 'pain management', 'active committment', 'self-management', 'diet control', and 'interpersonal maintenance', each similar with the conceptual framework. 2) Chronbach's $\alpha$ coefficient to test reliability of the scale was. 903 for total the thirty items. The Scale for assessing health behavior developed in this study was identified to be a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. Therefore this scale can be effectively utilized for assessment in the health behaviors of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to know the immunity reponse of Esubwhaltong-tang(hereafter referred to ESWTT) to rheumatoid arthrits in CIA(collagen induced arthritis) mice. Methods : For this purpose, ESWTT was orally administerd to mice with arthritis induced by collagen II and then value of immunocyte in paw joint, cytokine(IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$), rheumatoid factor(IgG and IgM) and collagen II specific antibody in the serum were measured. Results : 1. The cytotoxicity was not shown on hFLSs and liver. 2. Marginal erosion, necrotic chodrocytes, cartilage and bone degradation were improved in histological section of paw joints from CIA mice(ESWTT extract administration group). 3. Total cell number of paw joint in CIA mice(ESWTT extract administration group) was decreased significantly. 4. The absolute number of CD3+, CD3+/CD69+, CD4+, CD4+/CD25+, CD49b+, CD3+/CD49b+ cells in CIA mice(ESWTT extract administration group) were decreased significantly. 5. The levels of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the serum of CIA mice(ESWTT extract administration group) were decreased significantly. 6. The levels of total IgG and IgM in the serum of CIA mice(ESWTT extract administration group) were decreased significantly. 7. The level of collagen II specific antibody in the serum of CIA mice(ESWTT extract administration group) was decreased significantly. Conclusions : Comparison of the results for this study showed that ESWTT had immunomodulatory effects of suppressing. So we expect that ESWTT could be used as an effective drugs for not only rheumatoid arthritis but also auto-immune disease.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.249-259
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mastery on appraisal of uncertainty in women patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods : The study subjects consisted of 168 patients who were recruited from the outpatient clinic of a rheumatic center in Seoul. Self report questionnaires were used to measure the study variables that included uncertainty, mastery, danger appraisal of uncertainty, and opportunity appraisal of uncertainty. Cronbach's alpha reliabilities of these instruments ranged from .72 to .93. For data analysis. the SPSSWIN 10.0 program was utilized to exam descriptive statistics. Pearson's correlation. and regression analysis. Results: The results were as follows.: 1) The uncertainty scores of the subjects ranged from 33 to 87 with the mean score of 63.27. 2) The mastery scores of the subjects ranged from 10 to 27 with a mean score of 18.70. 3) The danger appraisal of uncertainty scores of the subjects ranged from 8 to 32 with a mean score of 20.22. 4) The opportunity appraisal of uncertainty scores of the subjects ranged from 7 to 28 with a mean score of 17.80. 5) Significant factors that explained the danger appraisal of uncertainty were mastery (=-.444. p<.001), and education level (=-.184. p<.05). 6) Significant factor that explained the opportunity appraisal of uncertainty was level of uncertainty (=-.328. p<.001). Conclusion: Among the independent variables. the most significant factor that explained the danger appraisal of uncertainty in the women patients with rheumatoid arthritis was mastery. Therefore, a nursing intervention with strategies to improve sense of mastery should be developed for women patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.103-115
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• 2006

Objectives : Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is a systemic & a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease . A chronic , locally destructive inflammmatory reaction in human is examplified by the synovitis present in some connective tissue disorder. The presence of a number of cytokines, $TNF-{\alpha}$, iNOS & expression of nitric oxide, NF-kB p65 activation implies an important role of cellular immune response in RA inflammatory reaction. This study was designed to evaluate on the effects of the Homnis Placenta herbal acupuncture on EX-LE201 & ST 35 reducing expression of LPS-induced arthritis model in mice. Materials and Methods : Homnis Placenta herbal acupuncture was inserted into 10 rats induced rheumatoid arthritis. The acupunctures were injected into the EX-LE201 and ST35 points. Such indexes were measured the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) expression, nitric oxide(NO) production in vitro experiment and Tumor Necrosis $Factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ & Nuclear Factor kappa $B(NF-{\kappa}B)$ p65 activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice in vivo experiment. Results : 1.Homnis Placenta Herbal acupuncture inhibited iNOS mRNA and NO in RAW 264.7 cell of LPS-induced rheumatoid arthritis in a dose dependent manner. 2.Homnis Placenta Herbal acupuncture also showed significant inhibition of $TNF-{\alpha}$ & $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice. Conclusion : These results suggest that Homnis Placenta Herbal acupuncture has an therapeutic effects on LPS induced-rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting $TNF-{\alpha}$ activation.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2008

Antioxidant and anti-rheumatoid activities of Cirsium japonicum leaf extract (CJLE) were investigated in this study. CJLE had similar DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power to ascorbic acid and several flavonoids. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory tissue-destructive disease, partly related with functions of hyaluronidases (HAases) and collgenases. CJLE ($1,000\;{\mu}g/mL$) had approximately 60.7 and 31.9% inhibition of HAase and collagenase activity, respectively. Also, CJLE inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite production in a dose-dependent manner, and CJLE ($1,000\;{\mu}g/mL$) suppressed approximately 70% of LPS-induced nitrite production effectively in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. CJLE had inhibitory effects on the adherence of monocytic THP-1 to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers to the basal level. Inhibitory effect of CJLE on the adhesion was caused by suppression of tumor necrosis factor-a-upregulated expression of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin. We expect that CJLE may alleviate the inflammatory process in rheumatoid synovium, and these findings will raise the possibility of the usage of C. japonicum as a traditional pharmaceutical of anti-rheumatoid arthritis.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.189-198
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was done to identify the relationship between the level of pain and depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The subjects for this study were 222 patients registered in H University Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Center, and the period of data collection was from July 20, 2000 to August 30, 2000. The research instruments used in this study were the Graphic Rating Scale of Pain and the CES-D for depression. The cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of the CBS-D scale was .89. Data analysis, was done by the SPSSWIN 10.0 program using descriptive statistics. The results are as follows. 1) The total pain score ranged from 0 to 147 with a mean score for pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of 72.64. 2) The total depression score ranged from 20 to 72 with a mean score of 39.86. 3) There was a significant difference in pain according to sex(F=5.26, p<.05) and education level (F = 3.59, p<.05). 4) There was a significant difference in depression scores according to sex (F=7 76, p<.05) and education level (F=3.02, p<.05). 5) The level of pain had a significant correlation with the level of education level(r=-.174, p<.01). The level of depression was significant correlation with the level of pain (r=.237. p<.01).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.137-159
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• 2007

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the risk factors and the genetic polymorphism of TNF-alpha associated with rheumatoid arthritis by Sasang constitution Methods : This study was planned to detect the susceptibility of the patients diagnosed by rheumatoid arthritis to Sasang Constitution and to examine the risk factor such as life style and environmental stress (smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, alcohol intake and so on). The genetic polymorphism of TNF-alpha (G308A) were analyzed by PCR-RFLP in rheumatoid arthritis patients and controls. Rheumatoid arthritis patients and matched controls are assessed with QSCCII question for Sasang Typology. Then the genetic polymorphism of patients by Sasang constitution are compared to those of control, which are statistically analyzed and adjusted by age, sex, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, and econocmic status. Results: Differential effect of passive smoking on the association between Sasang constitution and rheumatoid arthritis risk was found. This study showed that the genetic polymorphism (TNF-${\alpha}$(G308A)) of rheumatoid arthritis patients and controls associated with the susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis by sasang constitution was analyzed. Differential effects of TNF-${\alpha}$(G308) genetic polymorphism on the association between rheumatoid arthritis risk and Sasang constitution were found. Conclusion : It is suggested that the genetic polymorphism correlated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis by specific sasang constitution used as its susceptibility marker and further as basic data to prevent the risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis. But larger studies will be needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2007

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a model for some types of human autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we examined whether ethanol extract of potato (Solanum tuberosum) is efficacious against CIA in mice. Potato extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) were orally administered to DBA/1J mice once daily for 49 day after initial immunization with type II collagen. Clinical assessment of disease and measurement of paw edema were conducted throughout the study. The production of CIA-related rheumatoid factor, anti-type II collagen antibody, and cytokines were examined in DBA/1J mice. Serum levels of AST, ALT, creatinine, and lipids were measured, and antioxidant enzyme activity in the spleen was also determined. The arthritis score and paw edema were markedly suppressed in the groups treated with potato extract. Levels of rheumatoid factor, anti-type II collagen antibody, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, LDL-cholesterol, and malondialdehyde in sera were also reduced by potato extract treatment. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were increased in the spleens of CIA mice treated with potato extract. These findings suggest that potato extract has suppressive effects on type II collagen-induced arthritis, an animal model for human RA.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.27-38
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• 2009

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, principally characterized by synovial inflammation of the joints. We previously reported the effect of acupuncture for RA, but the mechanism is still unclear. Various factors such as oxidative stress and angiogenesis were involved in the pathogenesis of RA, and recently, it has also been reported that cytokines also play a major role in RA. Thus, we investigated whether acupuncture could induce any changes in the levels of cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) as well as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) in the sera of RA patients. Methods: The forty three patients who met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for RA recruited. The acupuncture group (n=21) underwent 14 sessions of partially individualized acupuncture treatment for 6 weeks, and the control group had no treatment (n=13) over the same periods. We evaluated ESR, CRP and RF. In addition, to find out the mechanism of acupuncture, we assessed the changes of the cytokine activities using protein cytokine array in the sera of the patients. Results: Acupuncture significantly decreased the levels of ESR and CRP, but RF were not changed after 6-week acupuncture treatments. Moreover, acupuncture reduced the levels of VEGF, angiogenin and EGF in the sera of the patients. Interestingly, they were related with angiogenesis, which is an important process in the pathogenesis of RA. The levels of oncostatin, interleukin(IL)-$1{\alpha}$, IL-8, leptin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory proteins-1, platelet-derived growth factor BB and RANTES were not changed significantly. Conclusions: The effect of acupuncture for reliving RA symptoms can be partially explained by inhibition of angiogenesis factors in the sera of the RA patients.