• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.15-33
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• 2019

Objectives The objective of this study is to provide the evidence of the effectivness of herbal medicine for frozen shoulder. Methods 2 Korean medical on-line databases (Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Korean Traditional Knowledge), and 3 foreign databases (Pubmed, Cochrane library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched to find articles concerning herbal medicine for frozen shoulder. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Several repeated articles and those not relevant to the topic were excluded, as well as review articles and commentaries. The methodological quality of RCTs were evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and meta-analyes were perfomed. Results Total 474 studies were founded and 22 RCTs were selected for systematic review. Efficiency rate was used as the primary evaluation method. Almost studies reported that herbal medicine has significant effect on pain reduction, increasing shoulder function on frozen shoulder. 3 studies comparing herbal medicine and chuna with chuna and 3 studies comparing herbal medicine with ibuprofen were included in the meta-analysis. At herbal medicine and chuna with chuna meta-analysis, it showed positive results of herbal medicine for efficiency rate (risk ratio: 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.27, p<0.0001). At herbal medicine with ibuprofen medta-analysis, it showed positive results of herbal medicine for efficiency rate (risk ratio: 1.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.27, p=0.003). Conclusions The studies showed that herbal medicine can significantly effective on frozen shoulder. However, the risk of bias in RCTs were evaluated as uncertain. In the future, further well-designed RCTs are needed to prove the effectiveness of herbal medicine for frozen shoulder and reduce the risk of bias.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2022

Objectives : Recent studies reported that Dokwhalkisaeng-tang (DHJST) could relieve the clinical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) symptoms and the level of RA-related blood test. However, evidence-based review on effectiveness and safety of DHJST with medication on RA was not yet provided. Methods : Searching randomized controlled trials on the use of DHJST for RA will be performed using multiple electronic databases, manual search, and contact to author. Studies will be selected according to the pre-defined criteria and collected data on study participants, interventions, control groups, outcome measurements, the results, adverse events, and risk of bias will be summarized. Primary outcome will be the disease activity score (including effective rate, swollen joint count, tender joint count, and morning stiffness), and the secondary outcomes will be RA-related blood test and adverse events. We will use Review Manager software to perform a meta-analysis, Cochrane Collaboration "risk of bias" tool for assessing the risk of bias, and Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation for the determination of quality of evidence. Results : We are going to investigate the effectiveness and safety of DHJST with medication for RA. Conclusion : This study will provide reliable evidence on whether DHJST combined with medicine is more effective on RA than medicine monotherapy.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.139-162
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• 2022

Objectives : The review was conducted to validate the effectiveness of herbal medicines on acne. Methods : Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) reporting the effects of herbal medicine treatment on acne were searched through seven electronic databases from the time of application of the material to October 2021. Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias was used to assess the risk of bias. Analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 and R 4.1.0 Meta, Metafor program. Results : 34 RCTs was selected and meta-analysis was performed with 30 studies. The inflammatory lesion count of the herbal medicine(MD=0.29, 95% CI:-0.59-0.01, p<0.01, I²=80%) and the non inflammatory lesion count of herbal medicine(MD=-0.30, 95% CI:-0.70-0.10, p<0.01, I²=78%) were seen. The score of IGA(RR=1.43, 95% CI:0.90-2.27, p<0.91, I²=0%), VISIA(MD=0.36, 95% CI:0.21-0.51, p=0.07, I²=40%), effective rate(RR=1.23, 95% CI:1.05-1.44, p<0.01, I²=98%), DLQI(MD : 0.59, 95% CI:0.14-1.04, p=0.07, I²=63%) and recurrence rate(RR=0.36, 95% CI:0.23-0.58, p=0.73, I²=0%) were seen. The effective rate of herbal medicine were statistically higher that of the control group(WM)(RR=1.19, 95% CI:1.04-1.37, p<0.01, I²=97%). As a result of dividing the treatment groups into OHM, EHM, and OEHM, the EHM group(RR=1.17, 95% CI:0.79-1.72, p<0.01, I²=99%) showed the most statistically significant effect. The overall risk of bias of the included studies was some concerns. No serious adverse effects were observed. Conclusions : This review found the effectiveness of herbal medicine for acne.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.122-144
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• 2023

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of herbal medicine treatment in patients with cold urticaria. Methods : We searched randomized controlled trials(RCTs) reporting the effects of herbal medicine for cold urticaria through domestic and international databases from their inception to September 2023. The results were summarized in tables. We assessed the risk of bias in included RCTs through Cochrane risk of bias tool and the data synthesis was conducted through RevMan version 5.4. Results : A total of 12 RCTs were included in this review and all trials compared herbal medicine alone treatment(treatment group) with western medicine alone treatment(control group). The total effective rate(TER) of treatment group was statistically higher than that of control group(RR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.38 to 1.62, p<0.00001, I²=65%). On the other hand, when comparing except for 1 trial with different evaluation period, the TER of treatment group was statistically higher than that of control group and heterogeneity was very low(RR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.47, p<0.00001, I²=0%). And when comparing 8 trials using the total symptom score(TSS) change index as an indicator of TER, the TER of treatment group was statistically higher than that of control group and heterogeneity was very low(RR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.51, p<0.00001, I²=0%). The treatment group showed more statistically significant decrease compared to the control group in TSS(MD: -2.51, 95% CI: -2.63 to -2.40, p<0.00001, I²=99%). The relapse rate of treatment group was statistically lower than that of control group(RR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.40, p<0.00001, I²=0%). Mild adverse events such as sleepiness, dizziness were reported in control group and gastric discomfort was reported in treatment group. In the risk of bias assessment, many cases were evaluated as 'Unclear risk'. Conclusions : This review found that herbal medicine alone treatment could more effective and safe than western medicine alone treatment for cold urticaria. But further well-designed researches are needed because of heterogeneity between trials and the quality of the included trials.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.645-673
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• 2019

The hypothetical nature of stated preferences can lead to a hypothetical bias that might work as a normative pressure, influencing survey responses. This paper aims to test the impact of social desirability bias by comparing economic estimates based on both subjective and objective valuation questions. The case study is about an urban riverine restoration project in Deajeon, South Korea. As valuation methods both contingent valuation and choice experiments were comparatively applied. Based on a nationally representative sample of 1,000 respondents, the test results offered contrasting conclusions between two test approaches. Accroding to the estimation results based on the conventional valuation, the marginal willingness to pay estimates are 10,500 KRW from CV; and 18,600 KRW for improving water quality, 2,200 KRW for the inside view, 8,900 KRW for the outside view, and 5,800 KRW for biodiversity from CE. A segmentation-based approach is a conventionally used method, which showed a limited impact of social desirability on willingness to pay estimates. The alternative parameterization-based approach measures a model-wide impact of social desirability, proving a significant bias. Although the study positioned a cheap-talk statement before the valuation section of the survey questionnaires, which might have pre-screened the bias, the overall implications of the results suggest a caution in reducing and observing hypothetical bias. There might remain a significant and substantial hypothetical bias even after cheap-talk, particularly in situations with strong social desirability, so that the potential role of objective valuation questions is guaranteed.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.123-127
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• 2017

Synonymous sites are generally considered to be functionally neutral. However, there are recent contradictory findings suggesting that synonymous alleles might have functional roles in various molecular aspects. For instance, a recent study demonstrated that synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms have a similar effect size as nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in human disease association studies. Researchers have recognized synonymous codon usage bias (SCUB) in the genomes of almost all species and have investigated whether SCUB is due to random nucleotide compositional bias or to natural selection of any functional exposure generated by synonymous mutations. One of the most prominent observations on the non-neutrality of synonymous codons is the correlation between SCUB and levels of gene expression, such that highly expressed genes tend to have a higher preference toward so-called optimal codons than lowly expressed genes. In relation, it is known that amounts of cognate tRNAs that bind to optimal codons are significantly higher than the amounts of cognate tRNAs that bind to non-optimal codons in genomes. In the present paper, we review various functions that synonymous codons might have other than regulating expression levels.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.285-294
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• 2021

The most basic forces of stock market are supply and demand, which increases or decreases on the basis of information. The crucial point is that investor's perception is depending on the availability of information at a particular time. But it is very difficult to understand what they take from a piece of information, and the decision varies from person to person; hence, it is important to understand the behavior of investors in the stock market. In this context, this study is focusing on behavioral investor-type diagnosis testing among financial market players (FMPs) in Oman. The study conducted a review of behavioral types among stock market investors, and attempted to assess the influence of age and gender factors on investor bias. It classifies investor type biases according to the gender and age of respondents. This study employs primary data with a structured questionnaire distributed to an equal number of male and female stock market investors in Muscat Securities Market. The study used sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, CATPCA and ALSCAL to identify the significant difference among age, gender and experience of the respondents. The present study found that all of the investors are influenced by different cognitive biases and, moreover, it depends on investor's gender.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.52 no.12
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• pp.853-864
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• 2022

A retrospective observational study is one of the most widely used research methods in medicine. However, evidence postulated from a single data source likely contains biases such as selection bias, information bias, and confounding bias. Acquiring enough data from multiple institutions is one of the most effective methods to overcome the limitations. However, acquiring data from multiple institutions from many countries requires enormous effort because of financial, technical, ethical, and legal issues as well as standardization of data structure and semantics. The Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) research network standardized 928 million unique records or 12% of the world's population into a common structure and meaning and established a research network of 453 data partners from 41 countries around the world. OHDSI is a distributed research network wherein researchers do not own or directly share data but only analyzed results. However, sharing evidence without sharing data is difficult to understand. In this review, we will look at the basic principles of OHDSI, common data model, distributed research networks, and some representative studies in the cardiovascular field using the network. This paper also briefly introduces a Korean distributed research network named FeederNet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1222-1226
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• 2002

Estimates of genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects for weaning weight of beef cattle are often negative in field data. The biological existence of this genetic antagonism has been the point at issue. Some researchers perceived such negative estimate to be an artifact from poor modeling. Recent studies on sources affecting the genetic correlation estimates are reviewed in this article. They focus on heterogeneity of the correlation by sex, selection bias caused from selective reporting, selection bias caused from splitting data by sex, sire by year interaction variance, and sire misidentification and inbreeding depression as factors contributing sire by year interaction variance. A biological justification of the genetic antagonism is also discussed. It is proposed to include the direct-maternal genetic covariance in the analytical models.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.72-85
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• 2023

Purpose: The aims of this study were to identify the psychosocial interventions for patients with alcohol use disorder and to assess the effects of those interventions. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, KoreaMed, KMBASE, RISS, KISS, Science ON, and DBpia to identify studies reported in English or Korean from 2012 to 2021. Results: From the 4,051 studies extracted, 14 studies were selected for review. The majority of the psychosocial interventions were focused on cognitive therapy or cognitive-behavior therapy. Most of the studies reported that the interventions made positive effects on alcohol consumptions. In addition, the psychosocial interventions for patients with alcohol use disorder were effective on coping, support, alcohol avoidance behavior, and hostility bias. Most of the studies reporting positive effects of psychosocial intervention programs applied computers, mobile phones, or similar electronic devices. Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review suggest that the use of computers or mobile devices in psychosocial intervention programs will be effective. It can be said that this systematic review reflects the current trends involving the development of information and communication technology. This systematic review can provide basic data for establishing evidence and suggesting future directions for psychosocial interventions for patients with alcohol use disorder.