• Title/Summary/Keyword: Reverse setting

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Effect of Workload on Job Stress of Ghanaian OPD Nurses: The Role of Coworker Support

  • Kokoroko, Emmanuel;Sanda, Mohammed A.
    • Safety and Health at Work
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.341-346
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    • 2019
  • Background: Although the concept of workload is important to nursing practice, only a few nursing researchers have focused on the issue of workload within the nursing context. Knowledge of how the dynamics of workload affects the job stress of nurses working in a specific unit or department in a hospital setting, and the influence of coworker support on this relationship, still remains limited. This study, therefore examined the effect of workload on job stress of Ghanaian outpatient department nurses and the moderating effect of coworker support on this relationship. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used, and questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 216 outpatient department nurses from four major hospitals in Ghana. The data collected measured workload, job stress, and coworker support using National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Task Load Index, job stress scale, and coworker support scale, respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and hierarchical regression. Results: High levels of workload were associated with high levels of job stress of the nurses. Also, higher levels of workload were related to higher levels of job stress for nurses who received high levels of coworker support, but this was not the case for those who received low levels of coworker support (reserve buffering effect). Conclusion: The finding reiterates the adverse effect of workloads on employees' health, and the reverse buffering effect implies that supporting a colleague at work should be conveyed in a positive manner devoid of negative appraisal.

Transmit Power-aware Routing Path Selection in AODV (Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing) (AODV(Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing)에서 전송 전력을 고려한 라우팅 경로 설정)

  • Lee, Jang-Su;Kim, Sung-Chun
    • Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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    • 2007.05a
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    • pp.1205-1208
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    • 2007
  • 모바일 애드혹 네트워크는 기존의 셀룰러 네트워크와는 달리 고정된 기지국이 존재하지 않고 모바일 노드들만으로 구성된 네트워크이다. 모바일 애드혹 네트워크의 각각의 노드들은 제한된 자원과 한정된 용량을 가진 배터리로 동작한다. 만일 이 배터리를 모두 소모하게 된다면 중간 노드들이 다운이 되고, 결과적으로 전체 네트워크가 단절되는 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 기존의 전송 전력을 고려하여 경로를 설정하는 기법인 CLUSTERPOW는 노드 간에 연결되는 전송 전력을 최소화함으로써 데이터 전송 시 소비되는 전력을 줄이고자 하였다. 그러나 이 기법은 proactive 방식의 라우팅 프로토콜에는 적합하나 reactive 방식의 라우팅 프로토콜에는 적합하지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 reactive 방식의 특성에 맞는 전송 전력 설정 기법인 FSRS(Fast Search Reverse Setting) 기법을 제안하였다. FSRS 기법은 reactive 방식에서 사용하는 컨트롤 패킷 플라딩을 사용한 경로 설정에서의 오버헤드를 줄이고자 클러스터 간 플라딩을 통해 목적지 노드를 빠르게 찾고 한정된 클러스터 간 경로를 통해 전송 전력을 고려한 세부적인 경로를 설정한다. FSRS 기법은 기존의 CLUSTERPOW 기법과 마찬가지로 효율적인 전송 전력으로 경로를 설정하였으며 또한 네트워크 생존 시간을 CLUSTERPOW보다 평균 43% 연장시켰다.

Studies on the Flowering and Maturity in Sesame 1. Flowering Habit by Different Plant Types (참깨 개화, 등숙에 관한 연구 -제 1 보 참깨 초형에 따른 개화특성에 관한 연구-)

  • Lee, J.I.;Kang, C.W.;Lee, S.T.;Son, E.R.
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.76-83
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    • 1984
  • This experiment was performed to investigate the flowering habit of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Sesame varieties tested could be classified into 8 different plant types by their morphological traits such as capsule shape, capsule setting habit and branching types among sesame gene pool of Crop Experiment Station, ORD. The first flower was appeared at the lowest node on main stem. Flowers were appeared progressively toward the tip of the main stem and also toward the tips of branches. The interval of flowering for a node was about one day, but 3 to 8 days for the flowers on the tips. Side flowers started at 4 to 5 nodes lower than those of center flower at the same day. Flowers were beared 2 by 1 node on the middle part of flower setting node (7-9) in mono capsule setting habit in spite of its normal is 1 by 1 node on the other nodes. Flowers were beared opposite direction on each node of stem and flowering toward the tip of main stem composed of cross shape between nodes and spiral, reverse of clockwise direction. We called this habit as cross spiral flowering order and cross spiral phyllotaxis. The first flower on branches was appeared when center flower on the 5th node of main stem began to flower. The branches produced at higher nodes on main stem showed larger flowering periods and more number of flowers than that at lower parts. BTB (Branch, Tricapsule, Bicarpels, 4 Loculi) type showed three capsule setting habits and same flowering period both on main stem and branches while BTQ (Branch, Tricapsule, Quadricarpels, 8 Loculi) type showed three capsule setting habit on main stem and mono-capsule setting habit on branches. In BTQ type, the period of flowering was much shorter on branches than on main stem. Branching type was considered more promising than non branching type for the breeding of early maturing high yielding variety because branching type has the advantage of bearing a lot of flowers in comparatively short flowering period.

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Evaluating Reverse Logistics Networks with Centralized Centers : Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Approach (집중형센터를 가진 역물류네트워크 평가 : 혼합형 유전알고리즘 접근법)

  • Yun, YoungSu
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.55-79
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    • 2013
  • In this paper, we propose a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) approach to effectively solve the reverse logistics network with centralized centers (RLNCC). For the proposed HGA approach, genetic algorithm (GA) is used as a main algorithm. For implementing GA, a new bit-string representation scheme using 0 and 1 values is suggested, which can easily make initial population of GA. As genetic operators, the elitist strategy in enlarged sampling space developed by Gen and Chang (1997), a new two-point crossover operator, and a new random mutation operator are used for selection, crossover and mutation, respectively. For hybrid concept of GA, an iterative hill climbing method (IHCM) developed by Michalewicz (1994) is inserted into HGA search loop. The IHCM is one of local search techniques and precisely explores the space converged by GA search. The RLNCC is composed of collection centers, remanufacturing centers, redistribution centers, and secondary markets in reverse logistics networks. Of the centers and secondary markets, only one collection center, remanufacturing center, redistribution center, and secondary market should be opened in reverse logistics networks. Some assumptions are considered for effectively implementing the RLNCC The RLNCC is represented by a mixed integer programming (MIP) model using indexes, parameters and decision variables. The objective function of the MIP model is to minimize the total cost which is consisted of transportation cost, fixed cost, and handling cost. The transportation cost is obtained by transporting the returned products between each centers and secondary markets. The fixed cost is calculated by opening or closing decision at each center and secondary markets. That is, if there are three collection centers (the opening costs of collection center 1 2, and 3 are 10.5, 12.1, 8.9, respectively), and the collection center 1 is opened and the remainders are all closed, then the fixed cost is 10.5. The handling cost means the cost of treating the products returned from customers at each center and secondary markets which are opened at each RLNCC stage. The RLNCC is solved by the proposed HGA approach. In numerical experiment, the proposed HGA and a conventional competing approach is compared with each other using various measures of performance. For the conventional competing approach, the GA approach by Yun (2013) is used. The GA approach has not any local search technique such as the IHCM proposed the HGA approach. As measures of performance, CPU time, optimal solution, and optimal setting are used. Two types of the RLNCC with different numbers of customers, collection centers, remanufacturing centers, redistribution centers and secondary markets are presented for comparing the performances of the HGA and GA approaches. The MIP models using the two types of the RLNCC are programmed by Visual Basic Version 6.0, and the computer implementing environment is the IBM compatible PC with 3.06Ghz CPU speed and 1GB RAM on Windows XP. The parameters used in the HGA and GA approaches are that the total number of generations is 10,000, population size 20, crossover rate 0.5, mutation rate 0.1, and the search range for the IHCM is 2.0. Total 20 iterations are made for eliminating the randomness of the searches of the HGA and GA approaches. With performance comparisons, network representations by opening/closing decision, and convergence processes using two types of the RLNCCs, the experimental result shows that the HGA has significantly better performance in terms of the optimal solution than the GA, though the GA is slightly quicker than the HGA in terms of the CPU time. Finally, it has been proved that the proposed HGA approach is more efficient than conventional GA approach in two types of the RLNCC since the former has a GA search process as well as a local search process for additional search scheme, while the latter has a GA search process alone. For a future study, much more large-sized RLNCCs will be tested for robustness of our approach.

Study on Removal of Cesium in Water Treatment System (물속의 방사성핵종(세슘) 제거율 연구)

  • Jeong, Gwanjo;Son, Boyoung;Ahn, Chihwa;Lee, Suwon;Ahn, Jaechan;Kim, Bogsoon;Chung, Deukmo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.8-13
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    • 2016
  • This study investigated the removal of a radioactive cesium ($Cs^+$) in the water at the water treatment processes. Since cesium is mostly present as the $Cs^+$ ion state in water, it is not removed by sand filtration, and coagulation with polyaluminum chloride (PACl), powdered activated carbon (PAC) and mixture of PACl and PAC. However, it is known that the removal rate of cesium increases as the turbidity increases in raw water. As the turbidity was adjusted by 74 NTU and 103 NTU using the surrounding solids near G-water intake and yellow soils, removal rate of cesium was about 56% and 51%, respectively. In case of a GAC filtration with supernatants after jar-mixing/setting was conducted, 80% of cesium is approximately eliminated. The experimental results show that it is efficient to get rid of cesium when the turbidity of the raw water is more than 80 NTU. In case of a GAC filtration, about 60% of cesium is removed and it is considered by the effect of adsorption. Cesium is not eliminated by microfiltration membrane while about 75% of cesium is removed by reverse osmosis.

Simple, Rapid and Sensitive Portable Molecular Diagnosis of SFTS Virus Using Reverse Transcriptional Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP)

  • Baek, Yun Hee;Cheon, Hyo-Soon;Park, Su-Jin;Lloren, Khristine Kaith S.;Ahn, Su Jeong;Jeong, Ju Hwan;Choi, Won-Suk;Yu, Min-Ah;Kwon, Hyeok-il;Kwon, Jin-Jung;Kim, Eun-Ha;Kim, Young-il;Antigua, Khristine Joy C.;Kim, Seok-Yong;Jeong, Hye Won;Choi, Young Ki;Song, Min-Suk
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.28 no.11
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    • pp.1928-1936
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    • 2018
  • Recently, human infections caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), which can lead to fatality, have dramatically increased in East Asia. With the unavailability of vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent and/or treat SFTSV infection, early rapid diagnosis is critical for prevention and control of the disease. Here, we report the development of a simple, rapid and sensitive portable detection method for SFTSV infection applying reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) combined with one-pot colorimetric visualization and electro-free reaction platform. This method utilizes a pocket warmer to facilitate diagnosis in a resource-limited setting. Specific primers were designed to target the highly-conserved region of L gene of SFTSV. The detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was approximately $10^0$ viral genome copies from three different SFTSV strains. This assay exhibited comparable sensitivity to qRT-PCR and 10-fold more sensitivity than conventional RT-PCR, with a rapid detection time of 30 to 60 minutes. The RT-LAMP assay using SFTSV clinical specimens has demonstrated a similar detection rate to qRT-PCR and a higher detection rate compared to conventional RT-PCR. Moreover, there was no observed cross-reactive amplification of other human infectious viruses including Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), Dengue, Enterovirus, Zika, Influenza and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This highly sensitive, electro- and equipment-free rapid colorimetric visualization method is feasible for resource-limited SFTSV field diagnosis.

Inhibition Effect of Gamisoyo-san on MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, Tyrosinase mRNA Expression in Melanoma Cells (B16F10) (멜라노마 세포에서 가미소요산(加味逍遙散)의 MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, Tyrosinase mRNA 발현 억제 효과)

  • Joo, Da-Hye;Lee, Soo-Yeon;Yoo, Dan-Hee;Lee, Jin-Young
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.157-163
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    • 2014
  • Objectives : Gamisoyo-san complex prescription were made with Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Paeoniae Radix, Atractylodes rhizome white, Hoelen, Bupleuri Radix, Moutan Cortex Radicis, Gardeniae Fructus, Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus, Menthae Herba. The purpose of this study was to research the whitening effect of the extract from Gamisoyo-san, which is one of the used herbal complex prescription. Methods : This study investigated inhibitory effect of Gamisoyo-san in tyrosinase activity. Cell viability were performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Then, Gamisoyo-san measured reversed-transcription-PCR for mRNA expression using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Results : For whitening effects, the tyrosinase inhibition effect of extract was shown to 52.4% at $5,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration. The cell viability on B16F10 melanoma cells of Gamisoyo-san extract showed higher than 75% at $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration. In this study, an experiment was performed by setting the non-toxic concentration range of 50, 150, $250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a positive control. The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), tyrosinase mRNA expression inhibitory by reverse transcription-PCR of Gamisoyo-san extract were decreased by 95.3%, 98.8%, 96.3% and 49.5% at $250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ which the highest concentration. Conclusions : All these findings could verify that whitening effects of Gamisoyo-san extract by tyrosinase inhibitory activity and mRNA expression. The Gamisoyo-san could be used as material for functional cosmetics, such as skin whitening products.

Assessment and Analysis of Coal Seam Gas Water Management Study for Water Resource Production 2. Prediction of Treatment Technology and Design of Co-treatment System (물 자원 생산을 위한 Coal Seam Gas Water Management Study의 평가 및 분석 2. 처리기술 예측 및 병합 시스템 설계)

  • Shin, Choon-Hwan
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.24 no.12
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    • pp.1629-1637
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    • 2015
  • To develop various usable water from coal seam gas (CSG) water that needs to be pumped out from coal seams for methane gas production, a feasibility study was carried out, evaluating and analysing a recent report (Coal Seam Gas Water Management Policy 2012) from Queensland State Government in Australia to suggest potential CSG water treatment options for fit-for-purpose usable water production. As CSG water contains intrinsically high salinity-driven total dissolved solid (TDS), bicarbonate, aliphatic carbon, $Ca^{+2}$, $Mg^{+2}$ and so on, it was found that appropriate treatment technologies are required to reduce the hardness below 60 mg/L as $CaCO_3$ by setting the reduction rates of $Ca^{+2}$, $Mg^{+2}$ and Na+ concentrations, as well as TDS reduction. Also, Along with fiber filtration and membrane separation, an oxidation degradation process was found to be required. Along with salinity reduction, as CSG water contains organic compounds (TOC: 248 mg/L, $C_6-C_9$: <20 mg/L and $C_{10}-C_{36}$: <60 mg/L), compounds with relatively high molecular weights ($C_{10}-C_{36}$) need to be treated first. Therefore, this study suggests a combined system design with filtration (Reverse osmosis) and oxidation reduction (electrolysis) technologies, offering proper operating conditions to produce fit-for-purpose usable water from CSG water.

Development of a Coordinated Voltage Regulation Scheme in Distribution Networks with Multiple Distributed Generations (협조 제어를 이용한 분산전원 연계 배전계통의 전압조정 방식 개발)

  • Oh, Yun-Sik;Cho, Kyu-Jung;Kim, Min-Sung;Kim, Ji-Soo;Kim, Chul-Hwan
    • The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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    • v.66 no.9
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    • pp.1309-1316
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    • 2017
  • As penetration level of Distributed Generations (DGs) on weak distribution networks gets higher, voltage rise problem can often occur due to reverse power which is not expected in conventional distribution networks. It, however, cannot be effectively solved by using conventional voltage regulating devices such as On-Load Tap Changers (OLTCs), Step Voltage Regulators (SVRs) because those do not consider the presence of DGs when determining relevant setting parameter for voltage regulation. This paper presents a scheme for voltage regulation using coordinated control between OLTC and DGs which can actively participate in the regulation. The scheme decides which device should be operated first based on the characteristics of regulating devices, in order to prevent unnecessary operation of output changes of DG and excessive tap changing operation of OLTC. Computer simulations considering daily irradiation of PV and load curve are performed by using MATLAB Simulink and performance comparison between the presented scheme and conventional ones is also made. It can be concluded from simulation results that the scheme presented is very effective to regulate voltages in distribution networks with multiple DGs.

A Case Study on Improving SW Quality through Software Visualization (소프트웨어 가시화를 통한 품질 개선 사례 연구)

  • Park, Bo Kyung;Kwon, Ha Eun;Son, Hyun Seung;Kim, Young Soo;Lee, Sang-Eun;Kim, R. Young Chul
    • Journal of KIISE
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    • v.41 no.11
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    • pp.935-942
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    • 2014
  • Today, it is very important issue to high quality of software issue on huge scale of code and time-to-market. In the industrial fields still developers focuses on Code based development. Therefore we try to consider two points of views 1) improving the general developer the bad development habit, and 2) maintenance without design, documentation and code visualization. To solve these problems, we need to make the code visualization of code. In this paper, we suggest how to visualize the inner structure of code, and also how to proceed improvement of quality with constructing the Tool-Chain for visualizing Java code's inner structure. For our practical case, we applied Object Code with NIPA's SW Visualization, and then reduced code complexity through quantitatively analyzing and visualizing code based on setting the basic module unit, the class of object oriented code.