• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.29-36
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• 2016

Purpose - Intense debate is occurring over support for farmers in Korea, specifically on the justification, policy design, and equality issues of the farm support programs. Given this debate, a new type of farm program in the US, a market flexible revenue program(the Average Crop Revenue Election, ACRE), is examined. ACRE stands in contrast to traditional programs that tie payments to price and have parameters that are fixed or change only infrequently. Research design, data, and methodology - Based on the ACRE program formulas, the potential payments are estimated by crop year, program crop and geographical area using the FSA acreage and payment rate data. Results - If all US farm program acres were in ACRE over the 2009-2013 crop years, payments would have totaled $7.95 billion or 1.2 percent of average market receipts for US crops. Enacting ACRE as a revenue program instead of a similarly-structured price-only program increased payments by $1.75 billion or 28 percent. Conclusions - Potential payments by ACRE largely reflected the distribution of the value of production across the program crops eligible for ACRE as well as across state geographical areas. If program parameters can be made acceptable and if data availability issues can be addressed, market flexible revenue programs offer a farm policy option that can address many of the concerns that have arisen over farm policy in Korea.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.240-243
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• 2009

To better understand how to increase a ginseng grower's revenue, a 4-factor revenue determination model (RDM) of raw ginseng production (R=A Y Q P) was proposed. The total revenue (R) is a multiplicative function of four factors: cultivation area(A), unit yield (Y), quality grade (Q) and unit price (P). The A appears to be a pure capital factor. Y and Q are technological factors and P is social and market factor. When P is constant, the technological term (YQ) is the revenue per unit area (R/A) production efficiency per capital. The RDM appears to be a linear model between R and A with the slope [YQ]. RDM was applied to three farmers' raw ginseng production for assessment of its dependency on capital and technological factors.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.53-69
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• 2005

This study has two different objectives. First of all is to comparing results of size efficiency scoring on Public Corporation Medical Center(PCMC) by years of 1993, 1997 and 2003 using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The second is to explore the relationship between revenue and PCMCs' efficiency score, and the relationship between expenses and the efficiency score in 2003. The average efficiency scores were significantly decreased by years of 1993, 1997 and 2003. The revenue per bed(revenue) in 2003 was smaller than the expenses per bed(expenses) in 2003, therefore PCMCs had deficits in 2003. The expenses was negatively related to the efficiency score. Therefore its means was that improving efficiency score decreased expenses. Contrarily, the revenue had any significant relation to the efficiency score. PCMC needs to various endeavors to improve their productivity and efficiency. One of the alternatives is reduce of work load through integration of PCMC and development of new performance index reflecting their situation and future direction.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.13-20
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• 2016

Purpose - This paper attempts to determine the importance of financial sustainability and the impact of Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A) on the financial sustainability of the IT industry. Research design, data, and methodology - Primarily the impact of SG&A expenditure on the sales revenue, assets, gross margins and profit is ascertained. After that the impact of SG&A expenditure, sales revenue, assets, gross margins and profit on the financial sustainability i.e., return on assets is worked out. Finally the impacts of financial sustainability i.e., return on assets on total enterprise value and market valuation multiples are found out. Results - The empirical result shows that SG&A expenditure most strongly impacted sales revenue, assets, gross margins and profit positively. Financial sustainability impacted in mixed manner with SG&A expenditure, sales revenue, assets, gross margins and profit. Assets and gross margins have weak positive impact on financial sustainability. Sales revenue has no impact on financial sustainability. Finally financial sustainability had moderate positive impact on total enterprise value and had no impact on market valuation multiples. Conclusions - SG&A expense has moderate positive impact on the financial sustainability and magnitude is very low.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.218-223
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• 2021

The five elements of big data are said to be Volume, Variety, Velocity, Veracity, and Value. Among them, data lacking the Veracity of the data or fake data not only makes an error in decision making, but also hinders the creation of value. This study analyzed YouTube's revenue structure to focus the effect of data integrity on data valuation among these five factors. YouTube is one of the OTT service platforms, and due to COVID-19 in 2020, YouTube creators have emerged as a new profession. Among the revenue-generating models provided by YouTube, the process of generating advertising revenue based on click-based playback was analyzed. And, analyzed the process of subtracting the profits generated from invalid activities that not the clicks due to viewers' pure interests, then paying the final revenue. The invalid activity in YouTube's revenue structure is Raw Data, not pure viewing activity of viewers, and it was confirmed a direct impact on revenue generation. Through the analysis of this process, the new Data Value Chain was proposed.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.11-22
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• 2022

Purpose: Since the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, almost all the hospitality industry has experienced a decrease in the distribution of room occupancy. Therefore, this study aims to examine how to improve the performance of 5-star hotels in Bali by involving market orientation, revenue management orientation, competitive advantage, dynamic capability, and pricing capability. Research design, data and methodology: This study involved 127 managers in 62 five-star hotels in Bali. Analysis of this study using structural equation modelling (SEM) with SmartPLS software. Results: This study reveals that the performance of five-star hotels in Bali is influenced by factors such as market orientation, revenue management orientation, competitive advantage, dynamic capability, and pricing capability. In addition, revenue management orientation, competitive advantage, and dynamic capability have been shown to mediate the effect of market orientation on the performance of five-star hotels in Bali. Finally, pricing capability has been proven to have not been able to increase the revenue and performance of five-star hotels in Bali. Conclusions: Hotel performance is largely determined by several important factors which include market orientation, revenue management orientation, competitive advantage, dynamic capability, and pricing capability. This study provides important implications for hospitality practitioners to improve the distribution of hotel performance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.49-60
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• 2023

The study attempts to examine the relationship among revenue growth factors from different angles and provides a comprehensive overview of tax revenue collection for developing countries. The impact of income tax, customs duty, and value-added tax on the gross domestic product is examined using the ordinary least-square (OLS) multiple regression approach. To confirm the association, a multiple regression model is applied to time-series data. SPSS software, MS Excel, is used to draw the empirical results, trend analysis, and some graphical presentation to reach the study's objective. The findings show that while the value-added tax has a significant impact and the highest coefficient, regardless of country, income tax and customs duty may or may not be significant depending on the circumstances. It triggers effectual and efficacious economic growth. The paper has implications in policy-making areas where governments are seeking how to stimulate revenue growth effectively and efficiently. To promote economic growth, the tax net and tax rate on luxury goods should be increased along with human resources in the tax administration for the short term. But in the long term, decentralization & digitization of tax administration, dismantling the existing tax barriers and good governance are necessary.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.151-165
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• 2017

This study investigates the effect of revenue recognition by percentage of completion method on financial analysts' earnings forecasting information in order industry. Specifically, we examines how the analysts' earnings forecast errors and biases differ according to whether or not to report the unbilled revenue account balance and the level of unbilled revenue account balance. The sample consists of 453 firm-years listed in Korea Stock Exchange during the period from 2010 to 2014 since the information on unbilled revenue accounts can be obtained after the adoption of K-IFRS. The results are as follows. First, we find that the firms with unbilled revenue account balances have lower analysts' earnings forecast accuracy than the firms who do not report unbilled revue account balances. In addition, we find that the accuracy of analysts' earnings forecasts decreases as the amount of unbilled revenue increases. Unbilled revenue account balances occur when the revenue recognition of the contractor is faster than the client. There is a possibility that managerial discretionary judgment and estimation may intervene when the contractor calculates the progress rate. The difference between the actual progress of the construction and the progress recognized by the company lowers the predictive value of financial statements. Our results suggest that the analysts' earnings forecasts may be more difficult for the firms that report unbilled revenue balances as applying the revenue recognition method based on the progress criteria. Second, we find that the firms reporting unbilled revenue account balances tend to have higher the optimistic biases in analysts' earnings forecast than the firms who do not report unbilled revenue account balances. And we find that the analysts' earnings forecast biases are increases as the amount of unbilled revenue increases. This study suggests an effort to reduce the arbitrary adjustment and estimation in the measurement of the progress as well as the introduction of the progress measurement method which can reflect the actual progress. Investors are encouraged to invest and analyze the characteristics of the order-based industry accounting standards. In addition, the results of this study empower the accounting transparency enhancement plan for order industry proposed by the policy authorities.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-25
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• 2010

Motion pictures are so typical experience goods that consumers tend to look for more credible information. Hence, movie audiences consider movie viewers' reviews more important than the information provided by the film distributor. Recently many portal sites allow consumers to post their reviews and opinions so that other people check the number of consumer reviews and scores before going to the theater. There are a few previous researches studying the electronic word of mouth(eWOM) effect in the movie industry. They found that the volume of eWOM influenced the revenue of the movie significantly but the valence of eWOM did not affect it much (Liu 2006). The goal of our research is also to investigate the eWOM effects in general. But our research is different from the previous studies in several aspects. First, we study the eWOM effect in Korean movie industry. In other words, we would like to check whether we can generalize the results of the previous research across countries. The similar econometric models are applied to Korean movie data that include 746,282 consumer reviews on 439 movies. Our results show that both the valence(RATING) and the volume(LNMSG) of the eWOM influence weekly movie revenues. This result is different from the previous research findings that the volume only influences the revenue. We conjectured that the difference of self construal between Asian and American culture may explain this difference (Kitayama 1991). Asians including Koreans have more interdependent self construal than American, so that they are easily affected by other people's thought and suggestion. Hence, the valence of the eWOM affects Koreans' choice of the movie. Second, we find the critical defect of the previous eWOM models and, hence, attempt to correct it. The previous eWOM model assumes that the volume of eWOM (LNMSG) is an independent variable affecting the movie revenue (LNREV). However, the revenue can influence the volume of the eWOM. We think that treating the volume of eWOM as an independent variable a priori is too restrictive. In order to remedy this problem, we employed a simultaneous equation in which the movie revenue and the volume of the eWOM can affect each other. That is, our eWOM model assumes that the revenue (LNREV) and the volume of eWOM (LNMSG) have endogenous relationship where they influence each other. The results from this simultaneous equation model showed that the movie revenue and the eWOM volume interact each other. The movie revenue influences the eWOM volume for the entire 8 weeks. The reverse effect is more complex. Both the volume and the valence of eWOM affect the revenue in the first week, but only the volume affect the revenue for the rest of the weeks. In the first week, consumers may be curious about the movie and look for various kinds of information they can trust, so that they use the both the quantity and quality of consumer reviews. But from the second week, the quality of the eWOM only affects the movie revenue, implying that the review ratings are more important than the number of reviews. Third, our results show that the ratings by professional critics (CRATING) had negative effect to the weekly movie revenue (LNREV). Professional critics often give low ratings to the blockbuster movies that do not have much cinematic quality. Experienced audiences who watch the movie for fun do not trust the professionals' ratings and, hence, tend to go for the low-rated movies by them. In summary, applied to the Korean movie ratings data and employing a simultaneous model, our results are different from the previous eWOM studies: 1) Koreans (or Asians) care about the others' evaluation quality more than quantity, 2) The volume of eWOM is not the cause but the result of the revenue, 3) Professional reviews can give the negative effect to the movie revenue.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.206-214
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• 2020

This study analyzed the impact of direct and indirect subsidies on profitability in general hospitals in Korea. The data were collected from medical institution accounting information disclosure system of 270 general hospitals from 2016 to 2018. The analysis index used the ratio of net profit to business revenue for profitability, and Subsidies index the ratio of subsidies to business revenue(state subsidies for facility investment purposes, Fund related to essential business, research revenue and contribution revenue). According to the study, the ratio of state subsidies, which are direct subsidies, was very high at 57.30 percent for public institution hospitals. ratio of Fund related to essential business, which is a tax reduction effect with indirect subsidies, had the highest at 6.69 percent for Private University Hospitals. which are Indirect subsidies for deficit or operational assistance, research revenue ratio had the highest 2.8 percent for National University Hospitals, contribution revenue ratio had the highest 36.4 percent for public institutions. As a result of looking at the impact of subsidies on profitability, Nation University Hospitals had the lower the ratio of Fund related to essential business and the ratio of research revenue, the higher the net profit ratio of Business revenue. Medical Corporation Hospitals and Foundation Hospitals had the higher the ratio of Fund related to essential business to business revenues, the higher the net profit ratio of business revenue. These results mean that profitability may fluctuate depending on the utilization of funds related to essential business.