• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2007

Growth promotion of wild plants by some plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) was examined in the microcosms composed of soils collected separately from a grass-covered site and a nongrass-covered site in a lakeside barren area at Lake Paro, Korea. After sowing the seeds of eight kinds of wild plants and inoculation of several strains of PGPR, the total bacterial number and microbial activity were measured during 5 months of study period, and the plant biomasses grown were compared at the end of the study. Acridine orange direct counts in the inoculated microcosms, $1.3-9.8{\times}10^9\;cells{\cdot}g\;soil^{-1}$ in the soil from the grass-covered area and $0.9-7.2{\times}10^9\;cells{\cdot}g\;soil^{-1}$ in the soil from the nongrass-covered site, were almost twice higher than those in the uninoculated microcosms. The number of Pseudomonas sp., well-known bacteria as PGPR, and the soil dehydrogenase activity were also higher in the inoculated soils than the uninoculated soils. The first germination of sowed seeds in the inoculated microcosm was 5 days earlier than the uninoculated microcosm. Average lengths of all plants grown during the study period were 26% and 29% longer in the inoculated microcosms starting with the grass-covered soil and the nongrass-covered soil, respectively, compared with those in the uninoculated microcosms. Dry weights of whole plants grown were 67-82% higher in the inoculated microcosms than the uninoculated microcosms. Microbial population and activity and growth promoting effect by PGPR were all higher in the soils collected from the grass-covered area than in the nongrass-covered area. The growth enhancement of wild plants seemed to occur by the activities of inoculated microorganisms, and this capability of PGPR may be utilized for rapid revegetation of some barren lands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.123-132
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• 2016

The study was to introduce the revegetation measures for the improvement of the landscape in October, 2012 on the slope; two and four years after the introduction, the slope was examined to see the status of the revegetation. The result is as follows. The result from examining the soil on the slope, the soil was Loamy sand; which infers that the soil is in a poor condition for improving the scenery. Examining the characteristics of the vegetation-base materials, the soil acidity was pH 6.4 to 6.7; and the soil hardness was 21 to 24mm (hardness quotient of soil), this can be considered a favourable condition, which has no effect on the growth and development of plants. When it comes to the discovery of the species in the area, Lotus corniculatus var., Silene armeria L., Papaver rhoeas, Trifolium pratense L. developed and grew in spring after two years. And in the summer, Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Cosmos bipinnatus, Coreopsis drummondii L., Trifolium pratense were founded. And there were Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Aster yomena, Coreopsis tinctoria, Trifolium pratense L. in the autumn. According to the examination conducting after four years, Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Silene armeria, Cosmos bipinnatus, Coreopsis drummondii L., Papaver rhoeas, Trifolium pratense L. were founded in the spring, and Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Cosmos bipinnatus, Coreopsis drummondii L., Trifolium pratense grew in the summer. Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Astragalus sinicus, Aster yomena, Coreopsis tinctoria, Trifolium pratense L. were discovered in the autumn. Among the exotic species founded in the area, were Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra. When it comes to the protection of vegetation and dominance, Lotus corniculatus var., Metaplexis japonica, Coreopsis drummondii L. are the dominant species among the spring plants; and Lotus corniculatus var., Trifolium repens L., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were the dominant plants in the summer. In the autumn, Lotus corniculatus var., Coreopsis drummondii L., Poa pratensis appear to be the dominant plants. The colonies of Pinus densiflora and Castanea crenata var. were formed around the South Sejong IC. Part of the area is occupied by the colony of Alnus hirsuta Turcz. ex Rupr. In terms of shrub, there were Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Rosa polyantha var. genuina NAKA. As ground cover plants, Sasa borealis, Rubus crataegifolius Bunge were founded.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to study on application of several Korean native plants by seed spray methods for cut slope revegetation, and possibility of replacement almost imported tall fescue seeds by native herbaceous plants. So, we investigated growth and covering rate after sowing native plants seeds at the artificial slope plots in Suwon and the rock exposed cut-slopes in Wonju city. Emergence rate after seed spray at artificial slopes were higher Elsholtzia splendens and Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus, showing the highest in E. splendens. Also, E. splendens, D. superbus var. longicalycinus, and Agrostemma coronaria were possible to use for seed spray at the rock exposed cut-slopes. The plots of mixed native plants show more seasonal scenery than that of tall fescue. Soil surface run-off by Typhoon was less in plot sown native plants than those of lawn grass, resulting fresh weight of roots was heavier. Thus, we found that the mixed seed spray of several native herbaceous plants, E. splendens, D. superbus var. longicalycinus, and Agrostemma coronaria, were well covered the slopes as tall fescue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

This research was initiated to investigate the revegetation characteristics under the seeding amount treatments of cool-season turfgrasses on the disturbed slope. 4 different seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses (0.0 $g/m^2$, 1.5 $g/m^2$, 3.0 $g/m^2$, 6.0 $g/m^2$) with the same seeding amounts of native woody (Rhus chinensis, Albizzia julibrissin) and herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena) were treated with 3 replications on the experimental disturbed slope. Data such as soil hardness (mm), moisture content (%), surface coverage rate (%), the number of each germinating plant and plant height were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rates. The surface coverage rates were higher in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots compared to the rest two plots of cool-season turfgrasses. However, the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants was relatively low in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots of high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses. This result indicated that high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses could decrease the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants. We concluded that 1.5 g~3.0 $g/m^2$ seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses was optimum level for the balanced emergence of cool-season turfgrasses, native woody and herbaceous plants in the viewpoint of the ecological disturbed slope revegetation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.72-85
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to establish the basis of the ecological restoration on the limestone mines in Korea, through the research of the revegetation measures of the disturbed slopes in Japanese limestone mines and the analysis of the case of Ibuki and Bukou limestone mines to realize the restoration works successfully. According to the number of mines to carry out the revegetation works increase every year, the revegetation area and amount of planting also go on increasing in Japan. In the small mines the environmental problem is not recognized seriously, but some mines have muchly invested in the revegetation of the damaged land by mines. Ibuki mine in Shiga-gen is practicing the four principles for the restoring of the revegetation in the disturbed slopes by mines. Firstly, the mean slope preserves $37^{\circ}$ in the last rock cut slopes. Secondly, the last rock cut slopes to rehabilitate are covered with the soil dressing 30cm high. Thirdly, the grasses in the mining area are digged up beforehand, and then they are reused to the revegetation works of rock cut slopes. Lastly, from the upper rock cut slopes the revegetation works begin, the process of the above are repeated, as the result, the restoring works will be completed. Upon the ground of these principles, the complex of the original vegetation and the native species seeding, that is, the revegetation technique of Ibuki have established. In the difficult area to revegetate, sodding works, heaping up vegetation-sack, seed-spraying, heaping up soil-sacks and planting works are adapted variously. Bukou mine in Saitama-gen try to maintain the revegetation, the screening and the stability of the enormous mining rock cut slope, and for these works, the activity of 'Chichibu Working Group of Rock Wall for Limestone Mines' contributes largely. The chief technique of the revegetation in Bukou mine is following; after the making the berm on the rock cut slopes, the soil dressing is filled in it, and the trees is planted for the screening of the rock cut slopes. They devide the rock cut slopes into four typical types, and choose the different ways to make the berm and fill the soil dressing in characteristic. Most of the planting trees are consist ofthe native species of Mt. Bukou through the stages of the nursery and transplantation. Not only the revegetation of the demaged land but also the breeding of the conservational plants also are their important business.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 2001

This study was carried out to select the useful plants for the revegetation of flooded slopes in dams, lakes and streams. In this study, four woody plants were investigated for their survival and growth in nursery with various flooding conditions. The results are as follows: Salix gracilistyla showed a very high survival rate and grew continuously under the complete flooding condition. Especially, it grew better under partly flooding condition than non-flooding condition. Amorpha fruticosa showed growth disorder when the flooding period was over 30 days, but the part of stem which was flooded in water adapted itself by branching the adventitious roots. Wisteria floribunda showed respectively high flooding tolerance until 30 days. Lespedeza bicolor were very weak in excessive moisture and flooding conditions. This study confirmed Salix gracilistyla, Amorpha fruticosa and Wisteria floribunda are efficient woody plants for covering the flooded slopes of dam and various impoundment sites.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.5B
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• pp.519-524
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• 2010

This study was carried out to select suitable plants for beach revegetation as a preliminary study for quantifying the effect of decreasing sand movement. After planting some herbal plants in field, monitoring of temporal change of vegetation coverage which was index of the growth rate was conducted. Through literature reviews, 24 candidate plants for beach revegetation were selected, then seven species of them, Peucedanum japonicum Thunb., Dianthus japonicus Thunb. ex Murray, Sedum oryzifolium Makino, Sedum takesimense Nakai, Sedum spectabile Boreau, Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitam., Aster sphathulifolius Maxim. were picked through salinity tolerance experiments in laboratory. Seven species selected by salinity tolerance experiments and two additional herbal plants, Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina Nakai and Linaria vulgaris Mill., not the candidates, were nine final species which were planted in the beach around Osan port, Uljin, Korea. The changes of vegetation coverage of each species were investigated from photos periodically taken for about a year using image processing methods. As a result of the monitoring, Sedum takesimensei, Dianthus japonicus and Aster sphathulifolius were observed with high coverages during the whole monitoring while Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina and Linaria vulgaris were observed with low coverage during the same period. Consequently, Sedum takesimensei, Dianthus japonicus and Aster sphathulifolius were concluded as the most suitable plants for beach revegetation. Furthur study to quantify the effects of decreasing sand movement by the selected species is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.86-95
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop recycle revegetation methods for the restoration of the steep slopes by using fresh wood chip from construction sites. In general, the fresh wood chips can be used as soil media for the restoration works, because they can increase infiltration of rainfall and give enough porous to breathe and elongate for the root growth as well as economic value. The experiment was carried out to compare the effect of fresh wood chips from different mixing with soil, organic material and macromolecular compound which used for slope restoration works conducted by Hyunwoo green(Ltd.). The main results by monitoring for two years are summarized as follows; 1. The soil media made with low percentage of fresh wood chip covered quickly by herb plants. Especially, the soil mixture Type C (wood chip 20%) showed 80 percent ground coverage within two months after seeding. 2. The soil mixture type E (wood chip 40%) and type F (wood chip 50%) which contains more fresh wood chips than soil type C was under 30 percent ground coverage because wood plants are germinated well. If the restoration works aims at making forest, then the soil type E and F would be recommended than using soil type C. 3. Among the woody plants, Ailanthus alfissima, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, and Albizzia julibrissin showed high percentage of germination rates and vigorous growth. In case of shrubs, Lespedeza cyrtobotria and Indigofera pseudo-tintoria scored high percentage of germination rates. 4. In native plants, Chrysanthemum indicum, Artemisia princeps, Lutos corniculatus and Imperata cylindrica showed high percentage of appearance. In case of introduced herbs, Coreopsis lanceolata, Coreopsis tinctoria and Oenothera oborata grew so vigorously. 5. The soil types which including fresh wood chips over 30-40 percentage showed the most diverse plant composition and the most effective germination rates and growth pattern with woody plants. 6. This works to develop recycle revegetation methods using fresh wood chips need more efforts for monitoring the exact effect of fresh wood chips as the soil media.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2005

The historical changes of seeding work in Japan, the typical slope revegetation method, is possible to divide into five periods as follows; 1) The early period after creation(1927-1948) 2) The spreading period of modern revegetation work with manpower(1947-1958) 3) The spreading period of rapid revegetation technique using exotic grasses with machineries(1959-1985${\dots}$) 4) The spreading period of rapid reforestation technique by fast growing species mainly using leguminous shrub species(1986-1995${\dots}$) 5)The developing period of nature restoration technique using endemic arborous species(1996-) The evaluation basis of vegetated condition after slope seeding has been described to a official guide book, "The Standards of Slope Stabilizing Works" It was mainly revised three times after first edition in 1972, and also the point of evaluation basis changed from the vegetation coverage to the density of woody plant through the 3rd period and the 4th period Recently main purpose of slope seeding has been developing from the erosion protection to the nature restoration in the current of the 5th period, and "The tentative guidelines of slope nature restoration" was announced by The Slope Revegetation Section of Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology in 2004. It was proposed the planning techniques of using suitable seeds/plants based on the preservation level at the real each construction sites Consequently, at present the importance of advanced monitoring methods for vegetation maintenance and plant sociologic survey to evaluate the plant succession is increasing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-54
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• 2006

In case of leaving artificial slopes resulting from large-scale constructions, there may be secondary damage caused by soil loss due to erosion and collapse. Furthermore, slope-restoring constructions have a few problems such as monotonous landscape and difficult succession of secondary vegetation due to reckless use of exotic grass, despite attaining the initial purpose of revegetation. To settle this problem, selected plants deemed to be proper for revegetation were used on one of thin vegetation base methods, CODRA SYSTEM, and made seeding mixture experimental plots considering germination rates differing in each season. Native herbs, native shrubs and exotic herbs contents were increased by 30% and 50% respectively, centered on seeding quantity(30g/$m^2$) used as design standard in the seed spray method, in order to figure out proper quantity for revegetation in each season.